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Alcohol consumption is a preventable driver of many cancers, yet a central biological question remains unresolved: by what mechanisms does ethanol promote malignancy? We propose that alcohol in the context of the exposome (i.e., the network of chemical, biological, and social determinants that interact with ethanol across the life span) provides a unifying framework for understanding alcohol-related carcinogenesis. Viewed through the lens of the exposome, alcohol is not only as a direct carcinog...
Breast cancer is a global public health issue and the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women. Its burden is rising rapidly in low- and middle-income countries. In resource-limited settings, clinical breast examination (CBE) offers a feasible and cost-effective screening method for early detection. Despite its importance, the regional evidence on CBE uptake and its determinants in East Africa remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled uptake o...
In this retrospective public-cohort observational study, we evaluated a biologically motivated extracellular matrix (ECM)-high/immune-low transcriptomic score for association with pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer. The score contrasted standardized ECM/fibroblast and immune-response components. Cohort-specific logistic models adjusted for available clinical covariates; their performance was evaluated separately and was not validation of a locked tran...
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is fundamentally involved in motivated behaviors, yet the precise functional segregation of its GABAergic projections in modulating pain and its affective dimensions remains poorly understood. Here, using male and female mice, we revealed that LH GABAergic neurons sent parallel projections to two pivotal pain and affect processing centers: the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). In vivo fiber photometry revealed...
Preoperative anxiety affects a majority of children undergoing surgery and is associated with adverse perioperative and psychological outcomes. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising non-pharmacological option, but real-world implementation data remain limited. We report a nine-month quality-improvement (QI) initiative that implemented a custom VR intervention in a pediatric preoperative holding area, followed by retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Using a single-arm, pre-post d...
Anxiety
Walaa S. Abu Rukbah, Narendra Vadlamudi, Siri Garrett, Suad Alshammari, Dayanjan S. Wijesinghe•
This study aimed to identify and compare the sex-specific immune, hematological, and environmental factors associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in a rural Zambian setting. This community-based cross-sectional study enrolled participants from rural Zambia. Schistosoma haematobium infection was diagnosed microscopically from urine. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts and cytokines via ELISA. Data were analyzed using sex-stratified logistic regression models in StatCr...
Hematology
David Chisompola, Reggison Phiri, Emmanuel L. Luwaya, Martin Chakulya, Lukundo Siame, Bislom C. Mweene, Benson M. Hamooya, Joseph M. Chalwe, Joreen P. Povia, Sepiso K. Masenga•
Deep learning-based segmentation models are increasingly integrated into clinical imaging workflows, yet their robustness to adversarial perturbations remains incompletely characterized, particularly for ultrasound images. We evaluated adversarial attacks and inference-time defenses for thyroid nodule segmentation in B-mode ultrasound. Two black-box adversarial attacks were developed: (1) Structured Speckle Amplification Attack (SSAA), which injects boundary-targeted noise, and (2) Frequency-Dom...
Background: onitoring the implementation of observational studies are rare, unlike experimental studies. This article aims to describe the development and implementation of a monitoring plan and framework for a large-scale cohort and quasi-experimental study: the NIMHANS-NH-SKAN Stroke project. Methods: The monitoring framework was developed through a systematic, stepwise process involving expert consultation workshops conducted by an Independent Monitoring Team in collaboration with the study t...
Mathematical modelling of sleep is a growing field, with an increasing number of applications to sleep disorders. However, despite its high prevalence and under-diagnosis worldwide, insomnia has not been among these disorders. We chart the development of sleep models and investigate the hypothesis that they can be simply modified to model insomnia, ultimately introducing a new model focusing on nocturnal awakenings as a starting point of insomnia-like behaviour, based on a three process approach...
We present tiger density and abundance estimates derived independently from two non-invasive sampling techniques: camera-trapping and fecal genetic sampling in same geographic areas. Camera-trap data collected in 2009 covered 359.2 km2 of lowland core area of Chitwan National Park using 187 camera-trap locations and 2,821 trap-nights obtaining 264 identifiable photographs of 41 tigers with 103 recaptures. Fecal genetic sampling in 2011 surveyed 325 km2 along three spatial routes covering 1,173 k...
Advances in ancient DNA research have expanded the range of materials from which genetic information can be recovered, enabling the analysis of atypical materials. These often preserve both host and exogenous DNA, for example due to handling or native microbes, offering a window into past diversity. Here we report one such exceptional material: a well-preserved goat leather specimen from Cueva de los Murciélagos (Albuñol, Spain), associated with an Early Neolithic context. Archaeozoological anal...
Genetics
Jolijn A. M. Erven, Zoé Robinet Guyet, Louis L’Hôte, Valeria Mattiangeli, Eva Fernández-Domínguez, Geordie Laidlaw, Rafael M. Martínez Sánchez, Blas Ramos Rodríguez, Maria Herrero-Otal, Pedro Henríquez Valido, José Antonio Lozano Rodríguez, The VarGoats consortium, Daniel G. Bradley, Kevin G. Daly, Francisco Martínez-Sevilla•
Background: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and confers excess mortality in patients on hemodialysis. However, which diabetes-specific clinical parameters best predict survival remains insufficiently explored. Methods: This retrospective cohort study followed 252 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (126 with diabetes, 126 without) from three centres in Ankara, Turkey, over 68 months (January 2020–September 2025; 66 deaths). Mortality predictors were asse...
Diabetes
Berrak Itır Aylı, Çiğdem Ikhlef, Ebru Gök Oğuz, Nüket Paksoy•
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