Stiolto Respimat (tiotropium bromide/olodaterol HCl)

Dosage of olodaterol hydrochloride is expressed in terms of olodaterol. Each actuation of the Striverdi(R) Respimat(R) inhaler delivers 2.7 mcg of olodaterol hydrochloride (equivalent to 2.5 mcg of olodaterol). Dosage of the fixed combination is expressed in terms of drug delivered from the mouthpiece; each actuation of the Stiolto(R) Respimat(R) inhaler delivers 2.7 mcg of olodaterol hydrochloride (equivalent to 2.5 mcg of olodaterol) and 3.1 mcg of tiotropium bromide monohydrate (equivalent to 2.5 mcg of tiotropium) per metered spray. The precise amount of drug delivered to the lungs with each activation of the inhaler device depends on factors such as the patient's coordination between actuation of the inhaler and inspiration through the delivery system. Because the Respimat(R) inhaler mechanically releases the dose, the delivered dose is independent of the patient's inspiratory effort. The commercially available inhalers deliver 60 metered sprays (or 28 metered sprays from the institutional package) (not including the initial priming actuations) equivalent to 30 or 14 doses (2 actuations per dose) of the drug, respectively.

Olodaterol hydrochloride alone is administered by oral inhalation using a specific inhaler (Striverdi(R) Respimat(R)) that delivers a metered-dose spray. Olodaterol hydrochloride in fixed combination with tiotropium bromide is administered by oral inhalation using a specific inhaler (Stiolto(R) Respimat(R)) that delivers a metered-dose spray. Both inhalers deliver the drugs in an aqueous solution and mechanically produce a fine aerosol mist from the orally inhaled solution. Olodaterol hydrochloride alone or in fixed combination with tiotropium should be administered once daily at the same time every day.

Before first use of either Striverdi(R) Respimat(R) or Stiolto(R) Respimat(R), the inhaler cartridge should be placed into the inhaler. The manufacturer's prescribing information should be consulted for detailed information on preparation of the inhalers. The discard date (3 months after the cartridge is inserted into the inhaler) should be written on the inhaler label.

After the cartridge has been inserted into either the Striverdi(R) Respimat(R) or the Stiolto(R) Respimat(R) inhaler, the unit must be primed prior to first use. Beginning with the inhaler held upright and the cap closed, the clear base should be turned in the direction of the black arrows on the label until a click is heard (one-half turn). The cap should then be flipped until it fully snaps open, the inhaler should be pointed away from the face, the dose release button pressed, and then the cap closed. These steps (turning the clear base until it clicks, opening the cap, actuating the inhaler, and replacing the cap) should be repeated until a spray is visible, and then for 3 additional times. The initial actuation step of the priming process (without the 3 additional repetitions) should be repeated after a period of nonuse (i.e., more than 3 days). If the inhaler is not used for more than 21 days, the entire initial priming process should be repeated.

To administer a dose of olodaterol alone or in fixed combination with tiotropium, the patient should hold the inhaler upright with the cap closed and turn the clear base in the direction of the black arrows on the label until a click is heard (one-half turn). The cap should be flipped until it snaps fully open. Before inhaling the dose, the patient should exhale slowly and completely. The patient should then close the lips around the end of the mouthpiece, without covering the air vents. With the inhaler pointing toward the back of the throat, the patient should press the dose release button while taking a slow, deep inhalation through the mouth; the patient should continue inhaling as long as possible. The duration of inhalation should be at least as long as the spray duration (1.5 seconds). The patient should then hold the breath for 10 seconds (or as long as comfortable). This procedure should be repeated once more to administer the full dose (2 inhalations) of olodaterol alone or in combination with tiotropium. After the full dose is administered, the cap of the inhaler should be closed.

The mouthpiece of either the Striverdi(R) Respimat(R) or the Stiolto(R) Respimat(R) inhaler, including the metal part inside, should be cleaned using only a damp tissue or cloth at least once weekly. If the outside of the inhaler gets dirty, it can be wiped with a damp cloth. The function of the inhaler is not affected by minor discoloration in the mouthpiece.

No dosing information is available for this tab.

Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzymes 2C9 and 2C8 are involved in the O-demethylation of olodaterol; isoenzyme 3A4 has a negligible role.

Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms 2B7, 1A1, 1A7, and 1A9 are involved in the formation of olodaterol glucuronides.

Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

Sympathomimetics/Dihydroergotamine

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of dihydroergotamine and sympathomimetics may result in additive or synergistic effect on peripheral blood vessels.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of dihydroergotamine and sympathomimetics may result in increased blood pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Dihydroergotamine is contraindicated with sympathomimetics because the combination may result in additive or synergistic elevation of blood pressure.(1)

DISCUSSION: Significant elevation in blood pressure has been reported in patients treated with dihydroergotamine.(1) Sympathomimetics can be expected to have additional effects on blood pressure.

Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

Agents That Affect Catecholamines/Iobenguane I 123

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Many compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with imaging completed with iobenguane.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Discuss the use of agents that affect catecholamines. Discontinue drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores prior to imaging with iobenguane. Before imaging with iobenguane, discontinue agents that affect catecholamines for at least 5 biological half-lives, as clinically tolerated.(1)

DISCUSSION: Many agents may reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores.(1) Examples include: - CNS stimulants or amphetamines (e.g. cocaine, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine) - norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. phentermine) - norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. tramadol) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g. phenelzine, linezolid) - central monoamine depleting drugs (e.g. reserpine) - non-select beta adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g. labetalol) - alpha agonists or alpha/beta agonists (e.g. pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, naphazoline) - tricyclic antidepressants or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. amitriptyline, bupropion, duloxetine, mirtazapine, venlafaxine) - botanicals that may inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin or dopamine (e.g. ephedra, ma huang, St. John's Wort, yohimbine)

Agents That Affect Catecholamines/Iobenguane I 131

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Many compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may interfere with iobenguane uptake into cells.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Compounds that reduce catecholamine uptake or that deplete catecholamine stores may impact the dosimetry calculations or effectiveness of iobenguane.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Discuss the use of agents that affect catecholamines. Discontinue drugs that reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores for at least 5 half-lives before administration of either the dosimetry or a therapeutic dose of iobenguane. Do not administer these drugs until at least 7 days after each iobenguane dose.(1)

DISCUSSION: Many agents may reduce catecholamine uptake or deplete catecholamine stores.(1) Examples include: - CNS stimulants or amphetamines (e.g. cocaine, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine) - norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. phentermine) - norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. tramadol) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g. phenelzine, linezolid) - central monoamine depleting drugs (e.g. reserpine) - non-select beta adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g. labetalol) - alpha agonists or alpha/beta agonists (e.g. pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, naphazoline) - tricyclic antidepressants or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. amitriptyline, bupropion, duloxetine, mirtazapine, venlafaxine) - botanicals that may inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin or dopamine (e.g. ephedra, ma huang, St. John's Wort, yohimbine) - calcium channel blockers

Anticholinergics/Clozapine

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Clozapine has potent anticholinergic properties and inhibits serotonin receptors, including 5-HT3.(1-4) Both of these properties may cause inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle contraction, resulting in decreased peristalsis.(3,4) These effects may be compounded by concurrent use of anticholinergic agents.(1-6)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of clozapine with other anticholinergic agents may increase the risk of constipation (common) and serious bowel complications (uncommon), including complete bowel obstruction, fecal impaction, paralytic ileus and intestinal ischemia or infarction.(1-6)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The risk for serious bowel complications is higher with increasing age, higher frequency of constipation, and in patients on higher doses of clozapine or multiple anticholinergic agents.(1,5)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid the use of other anticholinergic agents with clozapine.(1-6) If concurrent use is necessary, evaluate the patient's bowel function regularly. Monitor for symptoms of constipation and GI hypomotility, including having bowel movements less than three times weekly or less than usual, difficulty having a bowel movement or passing gas, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or distention.(2) Consider a prophylactic laxative in those with a history of constipation or bowel obstruction.(2) Review patient medication list for other anticholinergic agents. When possible, decrease the dosage or number of prescribed anticholinergic agents, particularly in the elderly. Counsel the patient about the importance of maintaining adequate hydration. Encourage regular exercise and eating a high-fiber diet.(2)

DISCUSSION: In a prospective cohort study of 26,720 schizophrenic patients in the Danish Central Psychiatric Research Registry, the odds ratio (OR) for ileus was 1.99 with clozapine and 1.48 with anticholinergics. The OR for fatal ileus was 6.73 with clozapine and 5.88 with anticholinergics. Use of anticholinergics with 1st generation antipsychotics (FGA) increased the risk of ileus compare to FGA alone, but this analysis was not done with clozapine.(5) A retrospective cohort study of 24,970 schizophrenic patients from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database found that the hazard ratio (HR) for clozapine-induced constipation increased from 1.64 when clozapine is used alone, to 2.15 when used concomitantly with anticholinergics. However, there was no significant difference in the HR for ileus when clozapine is used with and without anticholinergics (1.95 and 2.02, respectively).(6) In the French Pharmacovigilance Database, 7 of 38 cases of antipsychotic-associated ischemic colitis or intestinal necrosis involved clozapine, and 5 of these cases involved use of concomitant anticholinergic agents. Three patients died, one of whom was on concomitant anticholinergics.(3) In a case series, 4 of 9 cases of fatal clozapine-associated GI dysfunction involved concurrent anticholinergic agents.(4)

Anticholinergics/Glucagon (Diagnostic)

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Glucagon and anticholinergic agents may have additive effects on inhibition of gastrointestinal motility.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of glucagon with anticholinergic agents may increase the risk of gastrointestinal hypomotility, including constipation and bowel complications.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Concurrent use of glucagon as a diagnotic aid is not recommended with the use of anticholinergic agents.(1) If concurrent use is necessary, evaluate the patient's bowel function. Monitor for symptoms of constipation and gastrointestinal hypomotility.

DISCUSSION: Both glucagon and anticholinergic agents may have additive effects on inhibition of gastrointestinal motility and increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects.(1)

Anticholinergics; Opioids/Eluxadoline

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Eluxadoline is a mixed mu-opioid and kappa-opioid agonist and delta-opioid antagonist and may alter or slow down gastrointestinal transit.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Constipation related adverse events that sometimes required hospitalization have been reported, including the development of intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, and fecal impaction.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid use with other drugs that may cause constipation. If concurrent use is necessary, evaluate the patient's bowel function regularly. Monitor for symptoms of constipation and GI hypomotility, including having bowel movements less than three times weekly or less than usual, difficulty having a bowel movement or passing gas, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or distention.(1) Instruct patients to stop eluxadoline and immediately contact their healthcare provider if they experience severe constipation. Loperamide may be used occasionally for acute management of severe diarrhea, but must be discontinued if constipation develops.(1)

DISCUSSION: In phase 3 clinical trials, constipation was the most commonly reported adverse reaction (8%). Approximately 50% of constipation events occurred within the first 2 weeks of treatment while the majority occurred within the first 3 months of therapy. Rates of severe constipation were less than 1% in patients receiving eluxadoline doses of 75 mg and 100 mg.(1)

Beta-2 Agonists/Non-Cardioselective Beta-Blockers

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Non-cardioselective beta-blockers and beta-2 agonists may antagonize the effects of each other.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Diminished response to either the beta-agonist, beta-blocker, or both may occur. Beta-blockers may also induce bronchospasm.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients receiving beta-2 agonists for the treatment of asthma may be more at risk for bronchospasm.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, avoid beta-blocker therapy in asthmatic patients requiring beta-2 agonist therapy. If beta-blocker therapy is required, use a cardio-selective beta-blocker. For timolol ophthalmic drops, counsel patients to apply pressure to the inner corner of the eye after administration to prevent systemic absorption. Monitor patients for decreased effects of either agent, such as increased need for/use of beta-2 agonists or increased heart rate or blood pressure.

DISCUSSION: Many patients with asymptomatic or mild reactive airways disease tolerate beta-blockers well. Most patients with COPD do not have bronchospastic component to their illness and may be given beta-blockers. Heart failure treatment guidelines recommend beta-blockers in the presence of COPD. Non-selective beta-blockers have been shown to have a negative effect on lung function (FEV1) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in patients with asthma and COPD.(1) An open-label study using the nonselective beta blocker nadolol showed no effect on salbutamol in 10 patients with mild asthma not on controller therapy.(2) A study in 8 healthy men showed that long acting propranolol (160 mg) only effected airway dilation at the 200 mcg salbutamol dose. The 800 mcg and 1600 mcg dose were unaffected. However, penbutolol prevented any significant airway dilation with all doses of salbutamol.(3) In a double blind, three-way, crossover study, 44% (7/16 patients) of patients taking metoprolol showed a greater than 20% decrease in FEV1 compared to 19% (3 patients) after dilevalol and 6% (1 patient) after placebo. Dilevalol and metoprolol significantly inhibited isoproterenol response compared to placebo.(4) A double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 10 asthmatic patients showed that intravenous propranolol produced marked symptomatic bronchoconstriction. Only a slight but significant inhibition of bronchomotor sensitivity to isoproterenol was noted during esmolol infusion.(5) In 18 patients with reversible bronchial asthma, labetalol caused a significant increase in FEV1 and metoprolol caused a significant decrease in FEV1. Concurrent administration of isoproterenol and labetalol caused a further increase in FEV1. The effect of isoproterenol was decreased by metoprolol (100, 200mg).(6) In one study propranolol (0.06mg/kg IV) was shown to almost completely block the effects of isoproterenol in asthmatics. Metoprolol (0.12mg/kg IV) did not affect isoproterenol.(7) Studies have shown that cardioselective beta-blockers are safe for patients with asthma and COPD.(8,9,10) Nebivolol and celiprolol significantly decreased FEV1. Inhalation of albuterol (up to 800mcg) significantly improved FEV1, but the values after nebivolol and celiprolol administration were lower than the initial values.(11) Administration of metoprolol did not cause any respiratory problems in 9 asthmatic patients. There was no significant difference between the metoprolol and placebo groups in the respiratory response to an isoproterenol aerosol in 24 asthmatic patients.(12) Eight male asthmatic patients were given 10 mg bisoprolol, 20 mg bisoprolol, and 100 mg metoprolol. Both bisoprolol and metoprolol caused bronchoconstriction measured by a significant fall in PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate). Terbutaline was able to reverse bronchoconstriction in all patients.(13) A double blind, placebo-controlled study analyzed the use of atenolol 100mg, metoprolol 100mg, or acebutolol 400 mg in 8 asthmatic patients before and after exercise. All three drugs reduced significantly FEV1 and PEFR. Administration of terbutaline improved all respiratory indices.(14) A double-blind crossover trial in 10 asthmatic patients showed that a single IV dose of atenolol 3mg caused slight impairment of ventilatory function. A dose of salbutamol by inhalation was able to reverse the bronchial effect of atenolol.(15) Propranolol (80mg/day), oxprenolol (80mg/day), atenolol (100mg/day), and celiprolol 200mg/day were given to 10 asthmatic patients in a randomized, crossover design with a two week washout period between each drug. The non-beta 1 selective beta blockers (propranolol, oxprenolol) caused a significant reduction in FEV1 and inhibited the bronchodilator response to inhaled salbutamol. Atenolol and celiprolol (beta1 selective beta blockers) did not significantly affect respiratory function or antagonize salbutamol effects.(16) A double blind, randomized, within patient, placebo-controlled study compared the cardioselective beta-blocker atenolol to the non-selective propranolol. Atenolol caused a significantly less drop in FEV1 compared to propranolol. The effect of isoprenaline plus the beta blockers were also studied. Both atenolol and propranolol effected isoprenaline FEV1 dose response curves but the greatest displacement was seen with propranolol.(17) The pulmonary effects of celiprolol 200 mg, celiprolol 400mg, propranolol 40mg, atenolol 100 mg were evaluated in 34 asthmatic patients. Propranolol and atenolol caused significant reductions in pulmonary function. Propranolol pretreatment caused a significant reduction in the effect of the bronchodilator. Celiprolol did not antagonize the bronchodilators.(18) A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, crossover design study studied the effects of propranolol 80mg or celiprolol 200 or 400mg on pulmonary function. Propranolol produced a significant decrease in FEV1 and FVC. Celiprolol and placebo had similar results. The effect of aerosolized terbutaline was also measured. Even at supratherapeutic doses, terbutaline was unable to restore pulmonary function parameters to baseline levels after treatment with propranolol. Terbutaline caused further bronchodilation after administration of celiprolol.(19) Eleven asthmatic patients showed significant bronchoconstriction in small airways after propranolol 40mg and pindolol 2.5mg in a double blind, randomized trial. Large airways only showed bronchoconstriction with propranolol. Terbutaline 0.5mg subcutaneous was given after pretreatment with propranolol and pindolol. The bronchodilator effect of terbutaline on large airways was diminished after both propranolol and timolol.(20)

Inhaled Anticholinergics/Pramlintide

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Pramlintide slows gastric emptying. Anticholinergics may result in additive or synergistic effects.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of pramlintide and anticholinergics may result in additive or synergistic effects.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of pramlintide states that pramlintide therapy should not be considered in patients requiring the use of drugs that stimulate gastrointestinal motility or in patients taking drugs that alter gastrointestinal motility.(1) Patients receiving inhaled anticholinergics should be evaluated for signs of systemic effects, which may include constipation.

DISCUSSION: Patients using drugs that alter gastrointestinal motility have not been studied in clinical trials for pramlintide.(1) Constipation has been reported as a side effect of inhaled anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium(2) and tiotropium.(3)

Sympathomimetics/Ergot Alkaloids

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics may result in additive or synergistic effect on peripheral blood vessels.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics may result in increased blood pressure due to peripheral vasoconstriction.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: When possible, avoid the concurrent use of ergot alkaloids and sympathomimetics. If concurrent use is warranted, monitor blood pressure and for signs of vasoconstriction. Decreasing the dose of one or both drugs may be necessary.

DISCUSSION: There have been reports of severe vasoconstriction resulting in gangrene in patients receiving intravenous ergonovine with dopamine or norepinephrine.

Sympathomimetics/Selected Inhalation Anesthetic Agents

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. The anesthetics produce conduction changes that increase impulse re-entry into the myocardial tissue.(1) The anesthetics' ability to precipitate arrhythmias is enhanced by elevated arterial blood pressure, tachycardia, hypercapnia, and/or hypoxia, events that stimulate the release of endogenous catecholamines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of inhalation anesthetic agents and sympathomimetics may result in ventricular arrhythmias or sudden blood pressure and heart rate increase during surgery.(2)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor blood pressure and avoid use of sympathomimetics in patients being treated with anesthetics on the day of surgery.(2) Intravenous use of epinephrine during surgery with halothane and related halogenated general anesthetics should be strongly discouraged. When intravenous epinephrine is necessary, nitrous oxide anesthesia supplemented with ether, muscle relaxants, or opioids should be used instead of halothane.(3,4) Epinephrine may safely be used subcutaneously with the following precautions: the patient is adequately ventilated to prevent hypoxia or respiratory acidosis; the total dose of epinephrine is limited to 100 mcg/10 minute period or 300 mcg/hour in adults, 3.5 mcg/Kg in infants, 2.5 mcg/Kg in children up to two years of age, and 1.45 mcg/Kg in children over two years of age; a minimum effective concentration of anesthetic is maintained; the drugs are not co-administered in patients with hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders; and the cardiac rhythm is continuously monitored during and after injection.(3-10) If arrhythmias occur after the administration of the epinephrine, the drugs of choice are lidocaine or propranolol, depending on the type of arrhythmia.(1)

DISCUSSION: Administration of epinephrine during halothane anesthesia may may lead to serious ventricular arrhythmias.(3-6,11-18) This has occurred when epinephrine was administered intravenously,(6) when it was administered with lidocaine as a dental block,(11,14) or when it was administered supraperiosteally.(5) Norepinephrine has been shown to interact with halothane in a manner similar to epinephrine.(1) In two case reports, patients were given terbutaline (0.25 to 0.35 mg) for wheezing following induction of anesthesia with halothane. One patient's heart rate increased from 68 to 100 beats/minute, and the ECG showed premature ventricular contractions and bigeminy, while the other patient developed multiple unifocal premature ventricular contractions and bigeminy. The arrhythmias resolved in both patients following lidocaine administration.(19) Although not documented, isoproterenol causes effects on the heart similar to terbutaline(20) and would probably interact with halothane in a similar manner. Other inhalation anesthetics that increase the incidence of arrhythmias with epinephrine include chloroform,(20) methoxyflurane,(20) and enflurane.(12) A similar interaction may be expected between the other inhalation anesthetics and sympathomimetics.

Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

Anticholinergics/Topiramate

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Topiramate can cause decreased sweating and elevated body temperature. Agents with anticholinergic activity can predispose patients to heat-related disorders.(1-2)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of topiramate with agents with anticholinergic activity may increase the incidence of oligohidrosis and hyperthermia, especially in pediatric or adolescent patients.(1-2) Overheating and dehydration can lead to brain damage and death.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pediatric and adolescent patients and patients with dehydration may be more likely to experience heat-related disorders.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of topiramate states that caution should be used when topiramate is prescribed with other medicinal products that predispose to heat-related disorders, such as agents with anticholinergic activity (e.g. clomipramine, hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine, haloperidol, imipramine, and oxybutynin) concurrently with zonisamide.(1) Monitor for signs and symptoms of heat stroke: skin feels very hot with little or no sweating, confusion, muscle cramps, rapid heartbeat, or rapid breathing. Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration: dry mouth, urinating less than usual, dark-colored urine, dry skin, feeling tired, dizziness, or irritability. If signs or symptoms of dehydration, oligohidrosis, or elevated body temperature occur, discontinuation of zonisamide should be considered.

DISCUSSION: Case reports of decreased sweating and elevated temperature have been reported, especially in pediatric patients. Some cases resulted in heat stroke that required hospital treatment.(1) A 64-year old woman developed non-exertional hyperthemia while taking multiple psychiatric medications with topiramate.(2)

Anticholinergics/Zonisamide

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Zonisamide can cause decreased sweating and elevated body temperature. Agents with anticholinergic activity can predispose patients to heat-related disorders.(1-2)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of zonisamide with agents with anticholinergic activity may increase the incidence of oligohidrosis and hyperthermia, especially in pediatric or adolescent patients.(1-2) Overheating and dehydration can lead to brain damage and death.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Pediatric and adolescent patients and patients with dehydration may be more likely to experience heat-related disorders.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The UK and US manufacturers of zonisamide state that caution should be used in adults when zonisamide is prescribed with other medicinal products that predispose to heat-related disorders, such as agents with anticholinergic activity.(1-2) Pediatric and adolescent patients must not take anticholinergic agents (e.g. clomipramine, hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine, haloperidol, imipramine, and oxybutynin) concurrently with zonisamide.(1) Monitor for signs and symptoms of heat stroke: skin feels very hot with little or no sweating, confusion, muscle cramps, rapid heartbeat, or rapid breathing. Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration: dry mouth, urinating less than usual, dark-colored urine, dry skin, feeling tired, dizziness, or irritability. If signs or symptoms of dehydration, oligohidrosis, or elevated body temperature occur, discontinuation of zonisamide should be considered.

DISCUSSION: Case reports of decreased sweating and elevated temperature have been reported, especially in pediatric patients. Some cases resulted in heat stroke that required hospital treatment and resulted in death.(1)

Beta-Agonists; Anticholinergics; Theophylline/Methacholine

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline may inhibit the action of methacholine on the airway.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: The result of the methacholine challenge test may not be accurate.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The following drugs should be held before a methacholine challenge for the the duration indicated:(1) - short-acting beta-agonists: 6 hours - long-acting beta-agonists: 36 hours - short-acting anti-cholinergics: 12 hours - long-acting anti-cholinergics: at least 168 hours (7 days) - oral theophylline: 12-48 hours

DISCUSSION: Beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline may inhibit the action of methacholine on the airway and cause inaccurate test results.

Inhaled Anticholinergics/Solid Oral Potassium Capsules

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concentrated potassium may damage the lining of the GI tract. Anticholinergics delay gastric emptying, resulting in the potassium product remaining in the gastrointestinal tract for a longer period of time.(1-16)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Use of solid oral dosage forms of potassium in patients treated with inhaled anticholinergics could potentially result in gastrointestinal erosions, ulcers, stenosis and bleeding.(1-16)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Diseases or conditions which may increase risk for GI damage include: preexisting dysphagia, strictures, cardiomegaly, diabetic gastroparesis, elderly status, or insufficient oral intake to allow dilution of potassium.(1-10,21) Other drugs which may add to risk for GI damage include: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bisphosphonates, or tetracyclines.(21)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Regulatory agency and manufacturer recommendations regarding this interaction: - In the US, all solid oral dosage forms (including tablets and extended release capsules) of potassium are contraindicated in patients receiving anticholinergics at sufficient dosages to result in systemic effects.(2-8) Patients receiving such anticholinergic therapy should use a liquid form of potassium chloride.(2) - In Canada, solid oral potassium is contraindicated in any patient with a cause for arrest or delay in tablet/capsule passage through the gastrointestinal tract and the manufacturers recommend caution with concurrent anticholinergic medications.(1,9-10) Evaluate each patient for predisposing factors which may increase risk for GI damage. In patients with multiple risk factors for harm, consider use of liquid potassium supplements, if tolerated. For patients receiving concomitant therapy, assure any potassium dose form is taken after meals with a large glass of water or other fluid. To decrease potassium concentration in the GI tract, limit each dose to 20 meq; if more than 20 meq daily is required, give in divided doses.(2) If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of blood loss, including decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, and/or decreased blood pressure and promptly evaluate patients with any symptoms. Patients should be instructed to immediately report any difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, distention, severe vomiting, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Instruct patients to report any signs and symptoms of bleeding, such as unusual bleeding from the gums or nose; unusual bruising; red or black, tarry stools; red, pink or dark brown urine; acute abdominal or joint pain and/or swelling.

DISCUSSION: In clinical trials, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in patients receiving a high dose of a wax-matrix controlled-release formulation with a concurrent anticholinergic agent. Some lesions were asymptomatic and not accompanied by bleeding, as shown by a lack of positive Hemoccult tests.(1-17) Several studies suggest that the incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions may be less with the microencapsulated formulation of potassium chloride.(14-17) Constipation has been reported as a side effect of inhaled anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium(22) and tiotropium.(23)

Inhaled Anticholinergics/Solid Oral Potassium Tablets

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Concentrated potassium may damage the lining of the GI tract. Anticholinergics delay gastric emptying, resulting in the potassium product remaining in the gastrointestinal tract for a longer period of time.(1-16)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Use of solid oral dosage forms of potassium in patients treated with inhaled anticholinergics could potentially result in gastrointestinal erosions, ulcers, stenosis and bleeding.(1-16)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Diseases or conditions which may increase risk for GI damage include: preexisting dysphagia, strictures, cardiomegaly, diabetic gastroparesis, elderly status, or insufficient oral intake to allow dilution of potassium.(1-10,21) Other drugs which may add to risk for GI damage include: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bisphosphonates, or tetracyclines.(21)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Regulatory agency and manufacturer recommendations regarding this interaction: - In the US, all solid oral dosage forms (including tablets and extended release capsules) of potassium are contraindicated in patients receiving anticholinergics at sufficient dosages to result in systemic effects.(2-8) Patients receiving such anticholinergic therapy should use a liquid form of potassium chloride.(2) - In Canada, solid oral potassium is contraindicated in any patient with a cause for arrest or delay in tablet/capsule passage through the gastrointestinal tract and the manufacturers recommend caution with concurrent anticholinergic medications.(1,9-10) Evaluate each patient for predisposing factors which may increase risk for GI damage. In patients with multiple risk factors for harm, consider use of liquid potassium supplements, if tolerated. For patients receiving concomitant therapy, assure any potassium dose form is taken after meals with a large glass of water or other fluid. To decrease potassium concentration in the GI tract, limit each dose to 20 meq; if more than 20 meq daily is required, give in divided doses.(2) If concurrent therapy is warranted, monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for signs of blood loss, including decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, fecal occult blood, and/or decreased blood pressure and promptly evaluate patients with any symptoms. Patients should be instructed to immediately report any difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, distention, severe vomiting, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Instruct patients to report any signs and symptoms of bleeding, such as unusual bleeding from the gums or nose; unusual bruising; red or black, tarry stools; red, pink or dark brown urine; acute abdominal or joint pain and/or swelling.

DISCUSSION: In clinical trials, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in patients receiving a high dose of a wax-matrix controlled-release formulation with a concurrent anticholinergic agent. Some lesions were asymptomatic and not accompanied by bleeding, as shown by a lack of positive Hemoccult tests.(1-17) Several studies suggest that the incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions may be less with the microencapsulated formulation of potassium chloride.(14-17) Constipation has been reported as a side effect of inhaled anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium(22) and tiotropium.(23)

Inhaled Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics/Tricyclic Compounds

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Unknown. However, it is speculated that direct-acting sympathomimetic amines have an enhanced effect due to tricyclic blockage of norepinephrine reuptake.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Increased effect of direct acting sympathomimetics.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The concurrent use of inhaled sympathomimetics and tricyclic compounds or the use of these agents within 14 days of each other should be approached with extreme caution.

DISCUSSION: Epinephrine and other direct-acting sympathomimetic amines exert enhanced cardiovascular effects (e.g., arrhythmias, hypertension, and tachycardia) in individuals concurrently receiving or previously treated with tricyclic antidepressants. Protriptyline, amitriptyline, and desipramine have also been reported to interact with direct-acting sympathomimetics. Similarity between cyclobenzaprine and the tricyclic antidepressants consideration of tricyclic antidepressant interactions for cyclobenzaprine.

Known hypersensitivity to tiotropium, ipratropium, or any ingredient in the formulation.

All long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists are contraindicated in patients with asthma without concomitant use of long-term asthma controller therapy; olodaterol is not indicated for the treatment of asthma+. (See Asthma-related Death under Warnings/Precautions: Warnings, in Cautions.)

Olodaterol is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or any other ingredient in the commercially available formulation.

When olodaterol is used in fixed combination with tiotropium, contraindications associated with tiotropium should be considered.

• Acute asthma attack

• Congenital long QT syndrome
• Hypokalemia

• Angle-closure glaucoma
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Bladder outflow obstruction
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Chronic kidney disease stage 3A (moderate) GFR 45-59 ml/min
• Chronic kidney disease stage 3B (moderate) GFR 30-44 ml/min
• Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (severe) GFR 15-29 ml/min
• Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (failure) GFr<15 ml/min
• Chronic myocardial ischemia
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypertension
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Seizure disorder
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Urinary retention

Adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of patients with COPD receiving tiotropium oral inhalation powder in long-term clinical trials and at a frequency at least 1% greater than with placebo include upper respiratory tract infection, dry mouth, sinusitis, pharyngitis, urinary tract infection, chest pain (nonspecific), rhinitis, dyspepsia, headache, abdominal pain, edema (dependent), arthralgia, constipation, depression, insomnia, vomiting, infection, moniliasis, epistaxis, myalgia, and rash.

Adverse reactions occurring in more than 3% of patients with COPD receiving tiotropium oral inhalation solution in clinical trials and more frequently than with placebo include pharyngitis, cough, dry mouth, and sinusitis.

Adverse reactions occurring in more than 2% of patients with asthma receiving tiotropium oral inhalation solution in clinical trials and more frequently than with placebo include pharyngitis, headache, bronchitis, and sinusitis.

Adverse effects occurring in more than 3% of patients with COPD receiving tiotropium 5 mcg daily in fixed combination with olodaterol 5 mcg daily and more frequently than in patients receiving either drug alone include nasopharyngitis, cough, and back pain.

Adverse effects reported in 2% or more of patients with COPD receiving olodaterol 5 mcg daily in controlled clinical studies and more frequently than in patients receiving placebo include nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, cough, back pain, diarrhea, urinary tract infection, dizziness, rash, and arthralgia.

Adverse effects reported in more than 3% of patients with COPD receiving olodaterol 5 mcg daily in fixed combination with tiotropium 5 mcg daily and more frequently than in patients receiving either drug alone include nasopharyngitis, cough, and back pain.

Less Frequent

• Chest pain
• Epistaxis
• Hypokalemia

Rare or Very Rare

• Abnormal hepatic function tests
• Aggravated glaucoma
• Angina
• Angina
• Angioedema
• Angioedema
• Asthma exacerbation
• Atrial fibrillation
• Atrial fibrillation
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Dehydration
• Glaucoma
• Hypersensitivity drug reaction
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
• Ileus
• Infection
• Malignant neoplasm of lung
• Metabolic acidosis
• Myocardial ischemia
• Ocular hypertension
• Paradoxical bronchospasm
• Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
• Pneumonia

More Frequent

• Arthralgia
• Back pain
• Bronchitis
• Bronchitis
• Cough
• Cough
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headache disorder
• Pharyngitis
• Pharyngitis
• Sinusitis
• Skin rash
• Upper respiratory infection
• Urinary tract infection
• Xerostomia

Less Frequent

• Arthritis
• Constipation
• Constipation
• Dizziness
• Fever
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypertension
• Increased pulse rate
• Oral candidiasis
• Palpitations
• Palpitations
• Pruritus of skin
• Rhinitis
• Skin rash
• Tachycardia
• Urinary tract infection
• Voice change
• Vomiting

Rare or Very Rare

• Arthralgia
• Blurred vision
• Dry skin
• Dysphagia
• Dysuria
• Fatigue
• Fever
• General weakness
• Gingivitis
• Glossitis
• Headache disorder
• Insomnia
• Insomnia
• Laryngitis
• Malaise
• Muscle spasm
• Muscle spasm
• Myalgia
• Nausea
• Nervousness
• Pain in oropharynx
• Paradoxical bronchospasm
• Peripheral edema
• Skin ulcer
• Sore throat
• Stomatitis
• Tachycardia
• Tonsillitis
• Tremor
• Urinary retention
• Urticaria
• Xerostomia

No enhanced messaging available.

Safety and efficacy of orally inhaled tiotropium powder have not been established in children younger than 18 years of age. Tiotropium oral inhalation powder is not indicated for use in pediatric patients.

Safety and efficacy of orally inhaled tiotropium solution for the treatment of asthma have been established in pediatric patients 6-17 years of age in several clinical trials up to 1 years' duration. In 3 of these trials, 327 adolescents 12-17 years of age with asthma received tiotropium oral inhalation solution at a dosage of 2.5 mcg once daily. In 3 additional studies, 345 patients 6-11 years of age with asthma received tiotropium oral inhalation solution at a dosage of 2.5 mcg once daily. Safety and efficacy of the drug in these pediatric patients were similar to the effects in patients 18 years of age or older with asthma receiving the drug.

Safety and efficacy of orally inhaled tiotropium solution have not been established in children younger than 6 years of age.

Olodaterol is not indicated for use in pediatric patients. Safety and efficacy of olodaterol have not been established in pediatric patients.

Category C. (See Users Guide.)

Limited human data regarding use of orally inhaled tiotropium solution during pregnancy are inadequate to inform a drug-associated risk. However, poorly or moderately controlled asthma during pregnancy may increase the maternal risk of preeclampsia and the infant's risk for prematurity, low birth weight, and small size for gestational age. The level of asthma control should be closely monitored in pregnant women and therapy adjusted as needed to maintain optimal control.

Animal studies have not revealed evidence of structural abnormalities at tiotropium dosages of approximately 790 or 8 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dosage administered to pregnant rats or rabbits, respectively, during the period of organogenesis. However, tiotropium administration resulted in fetal resorption, fetal loss, decreased number of live pups at birth, decreased mean pup weights, and delays in pup sexual maturation in rats receiving approximately 40 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dosage. In pregnant rabbits, tiotropium administration resulted in increased postimplantation fetal loss at dosages of approximately 430 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dosage. These adverse fetal effects were not observed at tiotropium dosages approximately 5 or 95 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dosage in pregnant rats and rabbits, respectively.

Category C. (See Users Guide.)

The effects of olodaterol on labor and delivery are not known. Because of the potential for beta-agonist interference with uterine contractility, use of olodaterol during labor should be restricted to those patients in whom the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.

Tiotropium is distributed into milk in rodents. The drug and/or its metabolites are present in milk of lactating rats at concentrations higher than those in plasma. It is not known whether tiotropium is distributed into milk in humans. Effects of the drug on breast-fed infants or milk production also are not known. The benefits of breast-feeding and the woman's clinical need for tiotropium should be considered along with any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from the drug or from the underlying maternal condition. The manufacturer recommends that orally inhaled tiotropium be used with caution in nursing women.

Olodaterol and/or its metabolites are distributed into milk in rats; it is not known whether olodaterol is distributed into human milk. Because many drugs are distributed into human milk, distribution of the drug and/or its metabolites into human milk is probable. The effects on nursing infants of maternal use of orally inhaled olodaterol have not been evaluated. Olodaterol should be used with caution in nursing women.

The frequency of dry mouth, constipation, and urinary tract infection increased with age in clinical trials of tiotropium. However, no overall differences in efficacy were observed in geriatric patients relative to younger adults. The manufacturer states that adjustment of tiotropium dosage in geriatric patients is not necessary.

In clinical trials evaluating olodaterol in patients with COPD, approximately 45% of patients receiving the drug at the recommended dosage of 5 mcg daily were 65 years of age or older. In clinical trials evaluating olodaterol in fixed combination with tiotropium for COPD, approximately 40% of patients receiving the drug at the recommended daily dosage were 65 years of age or older, and about 9% were 75 years of age or older. No overall differences in safety and efficacy were observed between geriatric and younger adults. Dosage adjustment of olodaterol is not necessary in geriatric patients.