E-Z-Gas Ii (simethicone/sodium bicarbonate/citric acid)
Antacids Oral Granules, Effervescent In Packet (Ea)
Last reviewed · Source: First Databank (FDB) drug data
Overview
Sodium bicarbonate is an alkalinizing agent.
Citrates (i.e., potassium citrate and citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium citrate and citric acid, tricitrates) are alkalinizing agents.
Simethicone, a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers, is an antiflatulent secondary to its antifoam properties.
Sodium bicarbonate is a systemic alkalizer and electrolyte replenisher. IV administration of sodium bicarbonate elevates plasma bicarbonate concentrations, buffers excess hydrogen ions, increases systemic pH, and reverses the clinical manifestations of acidosis.
In aqueous solution, sodium bicarbonate dissociates into sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions. Sodium, the predominant extracellular cation, plays a critical role in the management of fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Bicarbonate is an endogenous constituent of body fluids, with normal plasma concentrations ranging from 24-31 mEq/L.
Plasma concentrations are maintained by renal mechanisms, through urinary acidification in states of deficit or urinary alkalinization in states of excess.
Sodium bicarbonate solution has an approximate pH of 8.0 (7.0-8.5). Sodium bicarbonate solutions contain equal amounts (mEq/mL) each of sodium and bicarbonate ions. The 8.4, 7.5, and 4.2% concentration solutions contain 1 mEq/mL, 0.892 mEq/mL, and 0.5 mEq/mL, respectively, of each ion.
These solutions are very hyperosmolar-- 2000 mOsm/L for the 8.4% concentration and 1786 mOsm/L for the 7.5% concentration.
The bicarbonate anion is considered chemically labile, as it may combine with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which subsequently converts to its volatile form, carbon dioxide (CO2), which is excreted by the lungs. Under physiologic conditions, the extracellular fluid maintains a 1:20 ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate. In adults with normal renal function, virtually all bicarbonate filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed, with urinary excretion typically accounting for <1%.
Oral administration of sodium bicarbonate leads to systemic absorption of excess bicarbonate, which induces metabolic alkalosis and promotes urinary alkalinization. IV administration achieves complete bioavailability. The onset of action after an IV push is rapid, with a mean onset of 8-10 minutes.
Sodium bicarbonate is extensively distributed within the extracellular fluid compartment. The elimination half-life of sodium bicarbonate is unknown.
Sodium bicarbonate is used parenterally as an alkalinizing agent in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, which may occur in severe renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes, circulatory insufficiency due to shock or severe dehydration, extracorporeal circulation of blood, cardiac arrest, and severe primary lactic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate is also used parenterally for the treatment of certain drug intoxications, including barbiturates, salicylate or methyl alcohol poisoning, and in the treatment of hemolytic reactions requiring alkalinization of the urine to diminish the nephrotoxic effects of blood pigments. In addition, sodium bicarbonate is used parenterally in the treatment of severe diarrhea accompanied by substantial GI bicarbonate loss.
Generic name: simethicone/sodium bicarbonate/citric acid
Drug class: Antacids
Therapeutic class: Gastrointestinal Therapy Agents
Reference product & biosimilars
No reference, biosimilar or interchangeable associated with this drug.
Today’s intelligence on E-Z-Gas Ii
Indications
The following indications are listed for E-Z-Gas Ii:
- Dyspepsia
- Flatulence
- Heartburn
Also known as: Brash, Flatus, Functional Dyspepsia, Pyrosis.
Dosing
Sodium bicarbonate 42 mg is equal to 0.5 mEq each of sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). Sodium bicarbonate 75 mg is equal to 0.892 mEq each of Na+ and HCO3-. Sodium bicarbonate 84 mg is equal to 1 mEq each of Na+ and HCO3-.
Dosage of sodium bicarbonate injection is determined by severity of the acidosis, appropriate laboratory determinations, and the patient's age, weight, and clinical condition. Frequent laboratory determinations and clinical evaluation of the patient are essential during therapy with sodium bicarbonate, especially during prolonged therapy, to monitor changes in fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance.
Generally, full correction of bicarbonate deficit should not be attempted during the first 24 hours of sodium bicarbonate therapy, since this may result in precipitation of metabolic alkalosis because of delayed physiologic compensatory mechanisms. Due to this delay, reaching a total CO2 content of approximately 20 mEq/liter by the end of the first day of treatment is typically linked to a normal blood pH. Further correction of the acidosis to fully normal levels usually happens if the kidney function is normal and if and when the underlying cause of the acidosis can be controlled. If total CO2 levels are normalized or brought above normal within the first day, this may likely result in an excessively high (alkaline) blood pH, which can lead to undesired side effects.
In cases of metabolic acidosis associated with shock, monitor therapy by assessing blood gases, plasma osmolarity, arterial blood lactate, hemodynamic status, and cardiac rhythm. Bicarbonate therapy should always be administered gradually and in stages since the degree of response from a specific dose is not precisely predictable.
The usual dosage of simethicone for adults and children older than 12 years of age is 40-125 mg 4 times daily after meals and at bedtime. The drug also may be taken as necessary or as directed by a physician; higher than usual dosages have been used. For self-medication, total dosage should not exceed 500 mg daily. A simethicone dosage of 20 mg 4 times daily after meals and at bedtime (with a maximum dosage for self-medication of 120 mg daily) is recommended for children younger than 2 years of age, and a dosage of 40 mg 4 times daily after meals and at bedtime (with a maximum dosage for self-medication of 240 mg daily) is recommended for children 2-12 years of age.
Prior to gastroscopy or radiography of the intestine, adults have been given a single dose of 67 mg of simethicone as the oral suspension, in 2.5 mL of water.
Citrate preparations (i.e., potassium citrate and citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium citrate and citric acid, tricitrates) are administered orally. Oral citrate solutions should be diluted with adequate amounts of water prior to administration to minimize the risk of GI complications, and followed by additional water after administration; palatability may be enhanced by chilling the solution before administration. For reconstitution of potassium citrate and citric acid for oral solution in single-dose packets, the contents of one packet should be mixed thoroughly with at least 180 mL of cool water or juice prior to administration and followed by additional water or juice after administration. Oral citrate solutions should preferably be taken after meals to avoid the saline laxative effect of the drug.
Simethicone is administered orally. Simethicone chewable tablets should be chewed thoroughly before swallowing. Simethicone liquid-filled capsules should not be chewed.
No dosing information is available for this tab.
No dosing information is available for this tab.
Drug interactions
There is no enhanced messaging for this drug.
Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.
Antacids/Olverembatinib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of olverembatinib is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce olverembatinib absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration of antacids may reduce the bioavailability of olverembatinib leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of olverembatinib states that concurrent use with antacids should be avoided.(1)
DISCUSSION: Olverembatinib has pH-dependent solubility.(1)
Urinary Alkalinizers/Methenamine
SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Urinary alkalinizers may elevate urinary ph preventing the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde and mandelic acid.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent administration may result in alkalinization of the urine causing methenamine to be less effective.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Australian and UK manufacturers of methenamine state that concurrent use with agents that make urine alkaline or urine alkalinizing agents should be avoided.(2,3) Patients receiving concurrent therapy should be monitored for urinary ph and any worsening symptoms of their infection, including dysuria, flank pain, or fever.(1)
DISCUSSION: Administration of urinary alkalinizers may result in alkalinization of the urine resulting in therapeutic failure of methenamine. Formaldehyde is released by acid hydrolysis from methenamine resulting in bactericidal concentrations at urinary ph 5.0 to 5.5. Above urinary ph 6.0 there is insufficient quantities of formaldehyde and methenamine released to achieve a therapeutic response.(1) An in vitro study showed that methenamine efficacy is achieved when the urine pH is less than 5.7 to 5.85.(4)
Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
Antacids/Selected Mesalamine
SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Certain mesalamine formulations (namely Apriso) contain granules with an enteric coating that dissolves at pH 6 and above. Antacids may raise the intragastric pH, resulting in premature release of the drug in the stomach.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of certain mesalamine formulations (namely Apriso) with an antacid may result in premature release of mesalamine in the stomach and decreased effectiveness in the intestines and colon.(1-2)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of Apriso states that coadministration with antacids should be avoided.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: Dissolution of the enteric coating of mesalamine is pH-dependent. Coadministration of certain mesalamine formulations (namely Apriso) with antacids should be avoided.(1)
Antacids/Ziftomenib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of ziftomenib is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce ziftomenib absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration with antacids may reduce the bioavailability of ziftomenib, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of ziftomenib states that concurrent use with antacids should be avoided.(1) If concurrent use cannot be avoided, administer ziftomenib 2 hours before or 2 hours after the administration of an antacid.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: The impact of antacids on the pharmacokinetics of ziftomenib has not been investigated in clinical studies. In an interaction study, coadministration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decreased ziftomenib area-under-the-curve (AUC) by 53% and maximum concentration (Cmax) by 70%.(1)
Bicarbonate/Delayed-Release Cysteamine Bitartrate
SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Bicarbonate increases gastric pH. As gastric pH increases, the solubility of delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate may increase.(1) The exact mechanism behind the interaction between delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate and bicarbonate is unknown.
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate and bicarbonate may result in an early release of cysteamine bitartrate and decreased effectiveness of cysteamine bitartrate.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate states that delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate should be administered at least 1 hour before or 1 hour after administration of bicarbonate.(3)
DISCUSSION: Interactions between delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate and other acid reducing agents including H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors were not noted in the clinical trials.(1,2) The interaction was only documented with co-administration of delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate and bicarbonate.(2,3)
Urinary Alkalinizers/Dextroamphetamine Transdermal
SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Urinary alkalinizers decrease the renal elimination of dextroamphetamine.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of dextroamphetamine and urinary alkalinizers may result in increased dextroamphetamine levels and side effects.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Coadministration of dextroamphetamine with urinary alkalinizing agents should be avoided.(1)
DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of alkalinizing agents with dextroamphetamine decreases the renal elimination of dextroamphetamine. Co-administration of these should be avoided because of the potential of increased actions of dextroamphetamine.(1)
Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
Agents Affecting Gastric Ph/Itraconazole; Ketoconazole
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antacids, buffers in didanosine products, H2 antagonists, and proton-pump inhibitors increase the stomach pH. Quinapril tablets may contain a high percentage of magnesium. Since some orally administered azole antifungal agents require an acidic medium for optimal absorption, agents may decrease the absorption of azole antifungal agents.
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of an antacid, buffered didanosine, a H2 antagonist, or a proton-pump inhibitor may result in decreased therapeutic effects of the azole antifungal.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If the concurrent administration of these two agents cannot be avoided, consider administering two capsules of glutamic acid hydrochloride 15 minutes before administering the antifungal and separate the administration times of the antifungal and the agent affecting gastric pH by at least two hours.
DISCUSSION: Itraconazole, ketoconazole, and posaconazole require an acidic medium for predictable dissolution and absorption decreases as pH increases and proton pump inhibitors are expected to decrease their absorption.(1-4) In a study in 11 healthy subjects, omeprazole (40 mg daily) decreased the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) of itraconazole (200 mg single dose) by 66% and 64%, respectively.(5) In a study in 15 healthy subjects, omeprazole (40 mg daily) had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole solution.(6) In a study in 9 healthy subjects, omeprazole (60 mg) decreased the AUC of ketoconazole (200 mg single dose) by 83.4% compared to control (ketoconazole alone). Administration of Coca-Cola (240 ml) with ketoconazole and omeprazole raised ketoconazole AUC to 65% of control values.(7) Omeprazole has been shown to have no significant effect on the absorption of fluconazole(8) or voriconazole.(9) Case reports and in-vivo studies have documented significant decreases in ketoconazole levels during concurrent therapy with H-2 antagonists, including cimetidine and ranitidine. Concurrent administration of itraconazole and famotidine resulted in a significant decrease in itraconazole levels, but no significant changes in famotidine levels. An interaction should be expected to occur between both ketoconazole or itraconazole and the other H-2 antagonists.(10-14) In randomized, open-labeled, cross-over study in 12 healthy subjects, simultaneous administration of an antacid decreased the area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) of a single dose of itraconazole (200 mg) by 66% and 70%, respectively. Time to Cmax (Tmax) increased by 70%.(15) This interaction has also been reported in a case report.(16) In a study in 3 subjects, simultaneous administration of a combination aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide (30 ml) decreased the AUC of a single dose of ketoconazole (200 mg) by 41%.(172) In a case report, a patient receiving concurrent ketoconazole with aluminum hydroxide, cimetidine, and sodium bicarbonate did not respond to therapy until cimetidine was discontinued and the administration time of aluminum hydroxide and cimetidine was changed to 2 hours after ketoconazole. In a follow-up study in 2 subjects, concurrent cimetidine and sodium hydroxide lowered ketoconazole levels.(18) In a study in 14 subjects, simultaneous administration of aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide (20 ml, 1800 mg/1200 mg) had no significant effects on fluconazole pharmacokinetics.(3) In a randomized, open-label, cross-over study in 6 subjects, simultaneous administration of itraconazole with buffered didanosine tablets resulted in undetectable levels of itraconazole.(19) In a randomized cross-over study in 12 HIV-positive subjects, administration of buffered didanosine tablets 2 hours after ketoconazole had no effects on ketoconazole levels.(20) In a randomized, cross-over, open-label study in 24 healthy subjects, simultaneous administration of enteric-coated didanosine had no effect on ketoconazole pharmacokinetics.(21) One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that could be considered for classification as "non-interruptive" in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.
Antacids And Selected Minerals/Oral Iron Supplements
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Some antacids may bind to iron, preventing its absorption. Alterations in gastric pH by antacids may also play a role. Iron may bind to other minerals such as calcium, manganese, tin, and zinc in the GI tract.
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of an antacid or minerals may decrease the absorption of orally administered iron.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: The interaction with some combinations may be affected by the presence or absence of food.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Iron supplements should not be taken within 1 hour before or 2 hours after antacids, calcium, manganese, or zinc.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: Magnesium hydroxide has been shown to inhibit the absorption of elemental iron,(2) although other studies have shown conflicting results.(3,4) Sodium bicarbonate has been shown to decrease the absorption of iron by 50%.(3) In a study in 61 healthy subjects, calcium citrate, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate inhibited iron absorption when taken with food. However, in the fasted state, calcium carbonate had no effect on iron absorption. In the fasted state, calcium citrate and calcium phosphate decreased iron absorption by 49% and 62%, respectively,(6) In a study in 23 healthy subjects, calcium acetate and calcium carbonate decreased the area-under-curve (AUC) of elemental iron (65 mg) by 27% and 19%, respectively.(7) In a study, manganese decreased iron absorption. A ratio of 5:1 of zinc:iron decreased iron absorption by 56%.(8) In a study, inorganic iron decreased zinc absorption.(9) In another study, ferrous sulfate decreased the absorption of zinc sulfate in a concentration dependent manner; however, heme chloride had no effect on zinc sulfate.(10) In a study in premature infants, administration of liquid zinc and iron supplements between feedings decreased iron uptake; however, no effect was seen when the supplements were mixed with feedings.(11) One or more of the drug pairs linked to this monograph have been included in a list of interactions that could be considered for classification as "non-interruptive" in EHR systems. This DDI subset was vetted by an expert panel commissioned by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for Health Information Technology.
Antacids/Cefpodoxime
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Absorption of oral cefpodoxime may be reduced in patients receiving concomitant treatment with acid reducing agents.(1-3)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Antibiotic efficacy against organisms with a high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to cefpodoxime could be decreased.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Taking cefpodoxime on an empty stomach magnifies this effect.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Separate the administration of cefpodoxime by at least 1-2 hours after administration of antacids. Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well. Since concurrent use of H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients taking cefpodoxime should be avoided, these would not be alternatives to antacids in these patients.
DISCUSSION: In a study of ten subjects, administration of cefpodoxime after single dose famotidine 40 mg decreased both maximum concentration (Cmax) and area-under-curve (AUC) by approximately 40% compared with administration of cefpodoxime on an empty stomach.(2) In a study of 17 subjects, administration of cefpodoxime after single dose ranitidine 150 mg decreased Cmax and AUC by approximately 40% compared with administration of cefpodoxime on an empty stomach.(3)
Antacids/Defactinib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of defactinib is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce defactinib absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration with antacids may reduce the bioavailability of defactinib, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of defactinib states that patients requiring acid-lowering therapy should separate defactinib from antacid administration by 2 hours.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: The impact of antacids on the pharmacokinetics of defactinib has not been investigated in clinical studies. In an interaction study, defactinib area-under-the-curve (AUC) decreased by 79% and maximum concentration (Cmax) decreased by 85% following concomitant use of multiple doses of omeprazole 40 mg daily. The AUC and Cmax of N-desmethyl amide (M4), a major active metabolite of defactinib, decreased by 83% and 88%, respectively.(1)
Antacids/Delavirdine
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The exact mechanism is unknown. Antacids decrease the absorption of delavirdine.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: The simultaneous administration of delavirdine with an antacid may decrease the absorption of delavirdine, which may result in subtherapeutic levels.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The administration of delavirdine and antacids should be separated by at least one hour.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: In a single dose study in 12 healthy subjects, the simultaneous administration of delavirdine with an alumina and magnesia oral suspension (20 ml) decreased the delavirdine area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) by 44% and 52%, respectively.(1)
Antacids/Infigratinib; Selpercatinib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The solubility of infigratinib and selpercatinib is pH dependent. Antacid-induced changes in gastric pH may decrease the absorption of infigratinib and selpercatinib.(1,2)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of antacids may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of infigratinib and selpercatinib.(1,2)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Avoid the use of antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and H2 antagonists, in patients receiving treatment with infigratinib or selpercatinib. If coadministration with antacids cannot be avoided, take infigratinib or selpercatinib at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after the antacid.(1,2) If the antacid is replaced with a H2 antagonist, take infigratinib or selpercatinib 2 hours before or 10 hours after the H2 antagonist.(1,2) If the antacid is replaced with a PPI, take selpercatinib with food.(2)
DISCUSSION: Infigratinib is practically insoluble at pH 6.8.(1) Selpercatinib solubility is pH dependent.(2) Antacids may decrease the solubility and absorption of infigratinib and selpercatinib and decrease their effectiveness.
Antacids/Levoketoconazole
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of levoketoconazole is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility. Antacids increase gastric pH and may decrease the absorption of levoketoconazole.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration of antacids may reduce the bioavailability of levoketoconazole, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Coadministration of levoketoconazole with proton pump inhibitors and H2 antagonists should be avoided. If coadministration with an acid-reducing agent is unavoidable, take the antacid 2 hours before levoketoconazole.(1)
DISCUSSION: Levoketoconazole is very slightly soluble in water but soluble below pH 2. Antacids raise gastric pH and may impair dissolution and absorption of levoketoconazole.(1)
Antacids/Nirogacestat
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of nirogacestat is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce nirogacestat absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration of antacids may reduce the bioavailability of nirogacestat, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Coadministration of nirogacestat with proton pump inhibitors, H2 antagonists, and antacids should be avoided. If coadministration with an acid-reducing agent is unavoidable, take nirogacestat 2 hours before or 2 hours after a locally acting antacid.(1)
DISCUSSION: The solubility of nirogacestat is poor at a pH >= 6.(1) Concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors, H2 antagonists, or antacids are expected to reduce concentrations of nirogacestat.(1)
Antacids/Pritelivir
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of pritelivir is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce pritelivir absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration of antacids may reduce the bioavailability of pritelivir, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Take pritelivir at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after antacids.(1)
DISCUSSION: The combination of pritelivir with antacids has not been studied. Pritelivir absorption is pH-dependent.(1) Coadministration of a single oral dose of 100 mg pritelivir (on Day 1) with esomeprazole 40 mg once daily (from day -3 to Day 1; 4 days total) decreased pritelivir's maximum concentration (Cmax) by 76% and area-under-curve (AUC) by 59% compared to pritelivir administered alone.(1)
Antacids/Ravidasvir
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Absorption of ravidasvir may be reduced in patients receiving concomitant treatment with acid reducing agents.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of antacids may reduce the bioavailability of ravidasvir, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In order to assure systemic absorption and maximal effectiveness from use of this Hepatitis C treatment, counsel patient to separate ravidasvir from antacid administration by 4 hours.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: Interaction studies with antacids have not been performed. Co-administration with antacids are expected to decrease ravidasvir plasma concentrations and potentially result in Hepatitis C treatment failure.(1)
Antacids/Rilzabrutinib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Rilzabrutinib solubility decreases with increasing pH. Antacid induced increase in gastric pH may result in a decrease in rilzabrutinib absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of an antacid may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of rilzabrutinib.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Administer rilzabrutinib at least 2 hours before taking antacids.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: The impact of antacids on the pharmacokinetics of rilzabrutinib has not been investigated in clinical studies. In an interaction study, administration of famotidine (H2 receptor antagonist) two hours after the evening dose of rilzabrutinib decreased the next morning dose of rilzabrutinib maximum concentration (Cmax) by 35% and area-under-curve (AUC) by 28%.(1) In another interaction study, coadministration of esomeprazole decreased rilzabrutinib Cmax by 55% and AUC by 51%.(1)
Antacids/Riociguat
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The mechanism of interaction is not clear. Increased gastric pH is thought to decrease riociguat solubility and absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of riociguat with an antacid may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of riociguat.(1-2)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Separate the administration of antacids and riociguat by at least 1 hour.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: Administration of 10 mL of an aluminum hydroxide-magnesium hydroxide containing antacid decreased the area-under-curve (AUC)and maximum concentration (Cmax)of riociguat by 34% and 56% respectively.(1)
Antacids/Selected Cephalosporins
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Absorption of oral cefuroxime may be reduced in patients receiving concomitant treatment with acid reducing agents.(1,2)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Antibiotic efficacy against organisms with a high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to cefuroxime could be decreased.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Taking cefuroxime on an empty stomach magnifies this effect.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Separate the administration of cefuroxime by at least 1-2 hours after administration of antacids. Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well. Since concurrent use of H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients taking cefuroxime should be avoided, these would not be alternatives to antacids in these patients.
DISCUSSION: In a study performed prior to the introduction of PPIs, administration of ranitidine 300 mg and sodium bicarbonate followed by cefuroxime taken on a empty stomach lowered both Cmax and AUC of cefuroxime by approximately 40 per cent compared with administration of cefuroxime alone on an empty stomach. Postprandial administration of cefuroxime in subjects taking ranitidine was similar to that of subjects taking cefuroxime on an empty stomach.(2)
Antacids/Selected Kinase Inhibitors
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The solubility of bosutinib,(1) dasatinib,(2) erlotinib,(3) gefitinib,(4) neratinib,(5) nilotinib(6), pazopanib,(7) and pexidartinib(8) is pH dependent. Antacid-induced changes in gastric pH may decrease the absorption of these agents.(1-8)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of antacids may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of bosutinib,(1) dasatinib,(2) erlotinib,(3) gefitinib,(4) neratinib,(5) nilotinib(6), pazopanib,(7) and pexidartinib.(8)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Antacid use should be considered in place of H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors in patients receiving bosutinib,(1) dasatinib,(2) erlotinib,(3) gefitinib,(4) neratinib,(5) nilotinib(6), pazopanib,(7) and pexidartinib;(8) however, separation of administration times is required. If antacids are used, separate the administration times by several hours(1-8) but at least 2 hours for bosutinib,(1) dasatinib,(2) nilotinib,(6) and pexidartinib(8), 6 hours for gefitinib,(4) and 3 hours for neratinib.(5) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: In a study in 24 healthy subjects, lansoprazole (60 mg) decreased bosutinib (400 mg single dose) area-under-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) by 26% and 46%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 healthy subjects, simultaneous administration of dasatinib (50 mg) with aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide (30 ml) decreased dasatinib AUC and Cmax by 55% and 58%, respectively. In the same subjects, administration of the antacid 2 hours before dasatinib decreased dasatinib Cmax by 26%, but had no effect on dasatinib AUC.(2) In a study in 24 healthy subjects, administration of a single dose of dasatinib (50 mg) 10 hours after famotidine decreased dasatinib AUC and Cmax by 61% and 63%, respectively.(2) In a study, concurrent omeprazole decreased the AUC and Cmax of erlotinib by 46% and 61%, respectively.3) In a study, concurrent esomeprazole decreased the AUC of nilotinib by 34%.(6) In a study in 15 healthy subjects, lansoprazole (30 mg at steady state) decreased the Cmax and AUC of a single dose of neratinib (240 mg) by 71% and 65%, respectively.(5) There were no significant changes in nilotinib pharmacokinetics when famotidine was administered 10 hours before or 2 hours after nilotinib.(6) There were no significant changes in nilotinib pharmacokinetics when an antacid (aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide/simethicone) was administered 2 hours before or after nilotinib.(6) Coadministration of esomeprazole decreased pexidartinib Cmax and AUC by 55% and 50%, respectively.(8)
Antacids/Sotorasib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of sotorasib is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce sotorasib absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration of antacids may reduce the bioavailability of sotorasib, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Coadministration of sotorasib with proton pump inhibitors, H2 antagonists, and antacids should be avoided. If coadministration with an acid-reducing agent is unavoidable, take sotorasib 4 hours before or 10 hours after a locally acting antacid.(1)
DISCUSSION: The solubility of sotorasib in the aqueous media decreases over the range pH 1.2 to 6.8 from 1.3 mg/mL to 0.03 mg/mL. In an interaction study, coadministration of repeat doses of omeprazole with a single dose of sotorasib decreased sotorasib maximum concentration (Cmax) by 65% and area-under-curve (AUC) by 57% under fed conditions, and decreased sotorasib Cmax by 57% and AUC by 42% under fasted conditions. Coadministration of a single dose of famotidine given 10 hours prior to and 2 hours after a single dose of sotorasib under fed conditions decreased sotorasib Cmax by 35% and AUC by 38%.(1)
Antacids/Taletrectinib
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of taletrectinib is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce taletrectinib absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Coadministration with antacids may reduce the bioavailability of taletrectinib, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of taletrectinib states that patients requiring acid-lowering therapy should separate taletrectinib from antacid administration by 2 hours.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: The impact of antacids on the pharmacokinetics of taletrectinib has not been investigated in clinical studies. In an interaction study, taletrectinib area-under-the-curve (AUC) decreased by 40% and maximum concentration (Cmax) decreased by 65% following concomitant use of omeprazole 40 mg daily.(1)
Antacids; Buffered Formulations/Amprenavir; Atazanavir
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antacids increase gastric pH. As gastric pH increases, the solubility of atazanavir decreases.(1,2) The exact mechanism behind the interaction between amprenavir and antacids is unknown.(3)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of amprenavir or atazanavir with antacids or buffered formulations may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of amprenavir(3) and atazanavir.(1,2)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of amprenavir states that amprenavir should be administered 1 hour before or after antacids or buffered formulations such as didanosine.(3) The manufacturer of atazanavir states that atazanavir should be administered 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids or buffered formulations.(1,2) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: Simultaneous administration of atazanavir with didanosine buffered tablets decreased atazanavir area-under-curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax) and minimum concentration (Cmin) by 87%, 89% and 84%, respectively. Administration of atazanavir 1 hour after didanosine buffered tablets had no significant effect on atazanavir pharmacokinetics.(1) Other buffered formulations and antacids are expected to substantially decrease atazanavir concentrations and therapeutic effectiveness as well.(1,2)
Antacids; H2 Antagonists/Ledipasvir; Velpatasvir
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: The aqueous solubility of ledipasvir and velpatasvir is pH dependent. Higher gastric pH leads to lower solubility which may reduce ledipasvir and velpatasvir's absorption.(1-3)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of antacids and H2 antagonists may reduce the bioavailability of ledipasvir and velpatasvir, leading to decreased systemic levels and effectiveness.(1-3)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In order to assure systemic absorption and maximal effectiveness from use of this Hepatitis C treatment, counsel patient to separate products containing ledipasvir or velpatasvir from antacid administration by 4 hours.(1-3) H2 antagonists may be administered simultaneously or 12 hours apart from products containing ledipasvir or velpatasvir at a dose that does not exceed doses comparable to famotidine 40 mg twice daily (or a total daily dose comparable to famotidine 80 mg).(1-3) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: In an interaction study, famotidine 40 mg, given with or 12 hours after a ledipasvir-sofosbuvir dose did not have significant effects on ledipasvir-sofosbuvir exposure.(1) In an interaction study, famotidine 40 mg, given with or 12 hours prior to a velpatasvir-sofosbuvir dose did not have a significant effect on velpatasvir-sofosbuvir exposure.(2) In an interaction study, famotidine (dosage not stated) did not have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetic of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, or voxilaprevir.(3)
Antacids; H2 Antagonists/Rilpivirine
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Rilpivirine requires an acidic medium for absorption. Antacid or H2 antagonist induced decrease in gastric pH may result in a decrease in rilpivirine absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of an antacid or a H2 antagonist may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of rilpivirine, as well as the development of resistance.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: In patients maintained on rilpivirine, administer antacids at least 2 hours before or 4 hours after rilpivirine.(1) In patients maintained on rilpivirine, administer H2 antagonists at least 12 hours before or 4 hours after rilpivirine.(1) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors with rilpivirine is contraindicated.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: In a study in 16 subjects, omeprazole (20 mg daily) decreased the maximum concentration (Cmax), area-under-curve (AUC), and minimum concentration (Cmin) of rilpivirine (150 mg daily) by 40%, 40%, and 33%, respectively. The Cmax and AUC of omeprazole decreased by 14% and 14%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 12 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) had no significant effect on rilpivirine Cmax or AUC.(1) In a study in 23 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 2 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) decreased the rilpivirine Cmax and AUC by 85% and 76%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 4 hours after a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) increased the rilpivirine Cmax and AUC by 21% and 13%, respectively.(1)
Antacids; Selected H2 Antagonists/Acalabrutinib Capsules
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Acalabrutinib capsules solubility decreases with increasing pH. Antacid or H2 antagonist induced increase in gastric pH may result in a decrease in acalabrutinib capsules absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration of an antacid or a H2 antagonist may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of acalabrutinib capsules.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Separate administration of acalabrutinib capsules and antacids by at least 2 hours.(1) In patients on acalabrutinib capsules, administer acalabrutinib capsules at least 2 hours before taking H2 antagonists.(1) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors with acalabrutinib capsules is not recommended.(1) Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well. Acalabrutinib tablets are not affected by coadministration with H2 antagonists or antacids, and may be used concurrently.(1)
DISCUSSION: In a study in healthy subjects, coadministration with an antacid (calcium carbonate 1 gram) decreased area-under-curve (AUC) of acalabrutinib capsules by 53%. Coadministration with a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole 40 mg for 5 days) decreased AUC of acalabrutinib capsules by 43%.(1)
Antacids; Urinary Alkalinizers/Amphetamines
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Antacids and urinary alkalinizers increase the absorption of amphetamines.(1-3)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent use of amphetamines and antacids or urinary alkalinizers may result in increased amphetamine levels and side effects.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US and Canadian manufacturers state that coadministration of alkalinizing agents with amphetamines should be avoided.(1-3) The Canadian manufacturer states that concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors and amphetamines should be avoided.(3) The US manufacturer states that patients receiving concurrent therapy should be monitored for changes in clinical effects.(1) Monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy for changes in amphetamine effectiveness and side effects. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, separate the administration times of amphetamines and antacids. Some vitamin preparations may contain sufficient quantities of calcium and/or magnesium salts with antacid properties to interact as well.
DISCUSSION: Concurrent use of alkalinizing agents with amphetamines increase the absorption of amphetamines. Co-administration of these should be avoided because of the potential of increased actions of the amphetamines.(1,2)
Sel Oral Cations; Antacids; H2 Antag/Dolutegravir-Rilpivirin
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Aluminum, calcium, iron, lanthanum, magnesium, sucralfate, and zinc may form chelation compounds with dolutegravir.(1) Rilpivirine requires an acidic medium for absorption. Antacid or H2 antagonist induced decrease in gastric pH may result in decrease in rilpivirine absorption.(1)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Simultaneous administration or administration of products containing aluminum, calcium, iron, lanthanum, magnesium, and/or sucralfate close to the administration time of dolutegravir may result in decreased absorption and clinical effectiveness of dolutegravir.(1) Simultaneous administration of an antacid or a H2 antagonist may result in decreased levels and effectiveness of rilpivirine, as well as the development of resistance.(1)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: If possible, avoid concurrent therapy with dolutegravir-rilpivirine and cation-containing products. If it is necessary to use these agents concurrently, dolutegravir-rilpivirine should be administered 4 hours before or 6 hours after taking these medications.(1) Alternatively, dolutegravir-rilpivirine and supplements containing calcium or iron can be taken together with food.(1) In patients maintained on dolutegravir-rilpivirine, administer dolutegravir-rilpivirine at least 4 hours before or 6 hours after antacids .(1) In patients maintained on dolutegravir-rilpivirine, administer dolutegravir-rilpivirine at least 4 hours before or 12 hours after H2 antagonists.(1) Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors will dolutegravir-rilpivirine is contraindicated.(1)
DISCUSSION: In a study in 16 subjects, the administration of an antacid (Maalox - aluminum and magnesium hydroxide) simultaneously with dolutegravir (50 mg single dose) decreased the maximum concentration (Cmax), area-under-curve (AUC), and minimum concentration (Cmin) of dolutegravir by 72%, 74%, and 74%, respectively.(1) In a study in 16 subjects, the administration of an antacid (Maalox - aluminum and magnesium hydroxide) 2 hours after dolutegravir (50 mg single dose) decreased dolutegravir Cmax, AUC, and Cmin by 18%, 26%, and 30%, respectively.(1) In a study in 16 subjects, the administration of a multiple vitamin (One-A-Day) simultaneously with dolutegravir (50 mg single dose) decreased dolutegravir Cmax, AUC, and Cmin by 35%, 33%, and 32%, respectively.(1) In a study in 16 subjects, omeprazole (20 mg daily) decreased the Cmax, AUC, and Cmin of rilpivirine (150 mg daily) by 40%, 40%, and 33%, respectively. The Cmax and AUC of omeprazole decreased by 14% and 14%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 12 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) had no significant effect on rilpivirine Cmax or AUC.(1) In a study in 23 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 2 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) decreased the rilpivirine Cmax and AUC by 85% and 76%, respectively.(1) In a study in 24 subjects, famotidine (40 mg single dose) administered 4 hours before a single dose of rilpivirine (150 mg) increased the rilpivirine Cmax and AUC by 21% and 13%, respectively.(1)
Urinary Alkalinizers/Memantine; Amantadine
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Memantine and amantadine elimination is impaired by urinary alkalinization.(1,2)
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Potentiation of memantine or amantadine effects may be observed.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitor patient for adverse reactions such as dizziness, headache, or confusion if a urinary alkalinizer is required. The memantine or amantadine dose may need to be adjusted when a urinary alkalinizer is started or stopped.(1,2)
DISCUSSION: The clearance of memantine was reduced by about 80% under alkaline urine conditions at pH 8. Urine alkalinization may lead to an accumulation of memantine with a possible increase in adverse effects. Urine pH is also altered by diet and clinical state of the patient (e.g., renal tubular acidosis or severe infections of the urinary tract). Hence, memantine should be used with caution under these conditions.(1) A study in rats showed that concomitant administration of sodium bicarbonate with amantadine caused a decrease in amantadine renal clearance (1.16 vs. 0.76). Amantadine's area-under-the-curve (AUC) was increased approximately 78%.(3) A study in 12 healthy subjects showed that plasma concentrations of memantine are dependent on urine pH. Alkaline urine pH caused a 79% reduction in renal clearance.(4)
Urinary Alkalinizers/Quinidine
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Quinidine elimination is impaired by urinary alkalinization.
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Potentiation of quinidine effects may be observed.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Monitoring quinidine levels and cardiac function may be indicated. The quinidine dose may need to be adjusted when a urinary alkalinizer is started or stopped.
DISCUSSION: Additional documentation is necessary to confirm this potential interaction.
Urinary Alkalinizers/Sympathomimetics
SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Unionized sympathomimetic amines will be reabsorbed into systemic circulation from the distal tubules of the kidneys.
CLINICAL EFFECTS: Enhanced sympathomimetic activity and increased risk of sympathomimetic toxicity.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.
PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Watch patient for enhanced sympathomimetic side effects when urinary alkalinizers are concomitantly used. A lower dose of certain sympathomimetics may be required.
DISCUSSION: Signs and symptoms of sympathomimetic toxicity include euphoria, confusion, delirium, hallucinations and nervousness.
Contraindications
*Patients with excessive chloride loss from vomiting or continuous GI suctioning.
*Patients at risk of developing diuretic-induced hypochloremic alkalosis.
There are no contraindication contraindications for this drug.
There are no severe contraindications for this drug.
- Chronic heart failure
- Chronic kidney disease stage 4 (severe) GFR 15-29 ml/min
- Chronic kidney disease stage 5 (failure) GFr<15 ml/min
- Edema
- Kidney disease with likely reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFr)
- No disease contraindications
Adverse reactions
Adverse effects from IV sodium bicarbonate treatment include manifestations of metabolic alkalosis (muscular twitching, irritability, and tetany); hypernatremia; and chemical cellulitis with tissue necrosis, ulceration or sloughing at the site of infiltration from extravasation.
Rare or Very Rare
- Alkalosis
- Hypercalcemia
Less Frequent
- Abdominal distension
- Flatulence
Rare or Very Rare
- Body fluid retention
Precautions
No enhanced messaging available.
Rapid injection (10 mL/minute) of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions in neonates and children younger than 2 years of age may produce hypernatremia, decreased CSF pressure, and possible intracranial hemorrhage. It is recommended that the rate of IV administration in these children not exceed 8 mEq/kg daily and that slow IV administration of a 4.2% solution may be preferred. In emergencies such as cardiac arrest, the risk of rapid infusion of the drug in these children must be weighed against the potential for death from acidosis.
Animal reproduction studies have not been performed with sodium bicarbonate. It is also not known whether sodium bicarbonate can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women. Sodium bicarbonate should be used during pregnancy only when clearly needed.
Controlled studies to date in pregnant women receiving potassium citrate have not shown a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy and there is no evidence of risk in subsequent trimesters.
The manufacturer provides no specific information for use of sodium bicarbonate during breast-feeding.
It is not known whether potassium citrate is distributed into milk. Because potassium freely distributes into and out of milk, use of potassium citrate by a nursing woman with normal plasma potassium concentrations should have no adverse effect on the nursing infant; milk potassium concentrations may be increased in hyperkalemic women.
The manufacturer makes no specific dosage recommendations for geriatric patients. In general, dosage selection for geriatric patients should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the higher incidence of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Clinical studies of sodium bicarbonate did not include sufficient numbers of patients >=65 years of age to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between geriatric and younger patients.
In general, dosage selection for geriatric patients should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the higher incidence of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
ICD codes
| Code | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Dyspepsia | ||
| K30 | ICD10CM | Functional dyspepsia |
| Flatulence | ||
| R14.3 | ICD10CM | Flatulence |
| Heartburn | ||
| R12 | ICD10CM | Heartburn |
ICD code information from First Databank (FDB).
Formulary status
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Last reviewed · Source: First Databank (FDB) drug data
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