Vaxelis (diphtheria,pertus(acell),tetanus/hepB/polio/Hib conj-meng/PF)

Dosage recommendations for hepatitis B vaccine vary depending on the specific preparation used, the recipient's age, the HBsAg status of the mother (for neonates), and the presence of underlying disease.

Because the recommended doses for each vaccine are different, dosage recommendations for the specific preparation used should be followed.

In general, the various brands of age-appropriate hepatitis B vaccines are interchangeable within an immunization series; however, adolescents who start their vaccination series with the adult formulation of Recombivax HB(R) cannot complete the series with the adult formulation of Engerix-B(R), and patients who start their vaccination series with Heplisav-B(R) should complete it with the same product or receive a 3-dose series rather than the 2-dose series that is used with Heplisav-B(R).

The complete hepatitis B vaccine series must be administered to ensure optimal protection. Refer to guidance for specific recommendations if there are interruptions or delays in dosing.

Booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine are not recommended for immunocompetent individuals. Consult expert guidelines for booster dose recommendations (when anti-HBsAg antibody levels decline to <10 mIU/mL) for patients receiving hemodialysis in outpatient centers, pediatric patients with HIV, and other immunocompromised patients with an ongoing risk for HBV exposure.

The dosing schedule (i.e., number of doses) and specific preparation for primary and/or booster immunization (i.e., DTaP, Tdap) varies depending on age. The age-appropriate recommendations for the specific preparation used should be followed.

If licensed and indicated for a patient's age, combination vaccines may be used interchangeably with monovalent formulations and other combination products with similar component antigens produced by the same manufacturer to continue a vaccine series. Combination vaccines are not necessarily interchangeable with other combination vaccines from different manufacturers. ACIP prefers that vaccine doses in a series come from the same manufacturer; however, if this is not possible or if the manufacturer of prior doses is not known, it is recommended to administer the vaccine that is available.

DTaP (Daptacel(R), Infanrix(R)) is used only in infants and children 6 weeks through 6 years of age.

Tdap (Adacel(R), Boostrix(R)) is used in patients >=10 years of age; Adacel(R) is approved for use in patients up to 64 years of age.

The usual dose of DTaP or Tdap is 0.5 mL.

The dosage schedule (i.e., number of doses) recommended for primary immunization against Hib infection varies according to the specific Hib vaccine administered and the age at which vaccination is started. The age-appropriate recommendations for the specific preparation used should be followed.

Monovalent PRP-OMP and monovalent PRP-T are considered interchangeable for both primary and booster immunization. If the primary immunization series included both PRP-OMP and PRP-T or if there is uncertainty about which vaccine type was administered previously, 3 primary doses and a booster dose are needed to complete the series.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) state that use of PRP-OMP (available as a monovalent vaccine (PedvaxHIB(R)) or as part of a fixed-combination vaccine (Vaxelis(R))) is preferred for primary immunization in American Indian and Alaskan native children.

If interruptions or delays result in an interval between Hib vaccine doses longer than recommended, it is not necessary to administer additional doses or start the vaccination series over.

The usual dose of PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB(R)) or PRP-T (ActHIB(R), Hiberix(R)) is 0.5 mL.

IPV is administered in 0.5-mL doses.

The poliovirus vaccine dosing schedule varies according to the individual's age and immunization status.

A history of clinical poliomyelitis (usually caused by only a single poliovirus type) or a history of incomplete immunization with poliovirus live oral vaccine (OPV) does not contraindicate use of IPV; therefore, the vaccine may be used to complete primary immunization in such individuals.

Interruption of the recommended immunization schedule, regardless of the length of time between doses, does not interfere with the final immunity achieved and does not necessitate additional doses or starting the series over.

Hepatitis B vaccines are administered by IM injection.

Hepatitis B vaccine is commercially available as three monovalent vaccines: hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant; Engerix-B(R) and Recombivax HB(R)) and hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant), adjuvanted (Heplisav-B(R)).

Hepatitis B vaccine also is commercially available in a fixed-combination vaccine with hepatitis A virus vaccine (HepA-HepB; Twinrix(R)), in a fixed-combination vaccine that contains diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and poliovirus antigens (DTaP-HepB-IPV; Pediarix(R)), and in a fixed-combination vaccine that contains diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) antigens (DTaP-IPV-Hib-HepB; Vaxelis(R)).

The manufacturers of the nonadjuvanted recombinant vaccines (Engerix-B(R), Recombivax HB(R)) state that the vaccines may be administered by subcutaneous injection, but only when necessary in individuals at risk of hemorrhage following IM injections (e.g., patients with thrombocytopenia or a bleeding disorder such as hemophilia). Subcutaneous administration is known to result in a lower antibody response. Additionally, when other aluminum-adsorbed vaccines have been administered subcutaneously, an increased incidence of local reactions (e.g., subcutaneous nodules) has been observed. The vaccines should not be administered IV or intradermally.

To ensure delivery of hepatitis B vaccine into the muscle, IM injections should be made at a 90degrees angle to the skin using a needle size that is appropriate for the individual's age and body mass, the thickness of adipose tissue and muscle at the injection site, and the injection technique. Depending on the age of the patient, the IM injection should be made preferably into the deltoid or anterolateral thigh.

Since syncope may occur following vaccination, vaccinees should be observed for approximately 15 minutes after the vaccine dose is administered. If syncope occurs, the patient should be observed until symptoms resolve. Syncope after vaccination occurs most frequently in adolescents and young adults.

Hepatitis B vaccine may be given simultaneously with other age-appropriate vaccines during the same health-care visit (using different injection sites).

Monovalent hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B(R), Recombivax HB(R)) may be given simultaneously with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) (using different syringes and different injection sites) when passive immunization is considered necessary in addition to active immunization with the vaccine (e.g., in neonates born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (HBsAg-positive) women, in persons who experienced percutaneous or permucosal exposure to the virus).

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (DTaP) and tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (Tdap) are administered only by IM injection. DTaP and Tdap should not be administered subcutaneously, intradermally, or IV.

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (DTaP) is also available in fixed-combination vaccines containing DTaP and poliovirus antigens (DTaP-IPV; Kinrix(R), Quadracel(R)); DTaP, hepatitis B (HepB), and poliovirus antigens (DTaP-HepB-IPV; Pediarix(R)); DTaP, poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) antigens (DTaP-IPV/Hib; Pentacel(R)); and DTaP, HepB, poliovirus, and Hib antigens (DTaP-HepB-IPV/Hib; Vaxelis(R)). Consult the prescribing information for these fixed-combination vaccines for additional information.

To ensure delivery into muscle, IM injections should be made at a 90degrees angle to the skin using a needle length appropriate for the individual's age and body mass, thickness of adipose tissue and muscle at the injection site, volume to be administered, and injection technique.

Depending on patient age, IM injections of DTaP or Tdap should be made into the anterolateral muscles of the thigh or deltoid muscle of the arm. In adults, adolescents, and children 3 years of age or older, IM injections should preferably be made in the region of the deltoid muscle. In infants and children 6 weeks through 1 year of age, IM injections should preferably be made into the anterolateral thigh; alternatively, the deltoid muscle can be used in those 1 through 2 years of age if muscle mass is adequate.

DTaP and Tdap should not be injected into the gluteal area or any area where there may be a major nerve trunk. If the gluteal muscle is chosen for infants <12 months of age because of special circumstances (e.g., physical obstruction of other sites), it is essential that the clinician identify anatomic landmarks prior to injection.

DTaP and Tdap should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Prior to use, vials or prefilled syringes of DTaP or Tdap should be shaken vigorously until a uniform, turbid, white suspension results. DTaP and Tdap should not be used if the vaccines cannot be resuspended.

DTaP or Tdap should not be mixed with any other vaccine or solution. Although DTaP is commercially available in a kit containing DTaP and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTaP-IPV) and Hib vaccine to provide a combination vaccine containing DTaP, poliovirus, and Hib antigens (DTaP-IPV/Hib; Pentacel(R)), extemporaneous vaccine combinations of DTaP or Tdap and other commercially available vaccines should not be prepared by admixing the vaccines.

Use of fixed-combination vaccines can reduce the number of injections a patient receives and alleviate concerns about the number of injections. When multiple vaccines are administered during a single health-care visit, each parenteral vaccine should be given with a different syringe and at different injection sites. Injection sites should be separated by at least 1 inch (if anatomically feasible) to allow appropriate attribution of any local adverse effects that may occur. For infants and children receiving >2 vaccines in a single limb, the thigh is the preferred site due to greater mass. For older children and adults, more than one IM injection can be administered into the deltoid muscle.

DTaP (Daptacel(R) , Infanrix(R) ) and Tdap (Adacel(R) , Boostrix(R) ) should be stored at 2-8degreesC and should not be frozen. Any DTaP or Tdap vaccine that has been frozen should be discarded.

Haemophilus b (Hib) conjugate vaccine (meningococcal protein conjugate) (PRP-OMP; PedvaxHIB(R)) and Hib conjugate vaccine (tetanus toxoid conjugate) (PRP-T; ActHIB(R), Hiberix(R)) are administered by IM injection.

The fixed-combination vaccine containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed (DTaP), poliovirus vaccine inactivated (IPV), and Hib conjugate vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Hib; Pentacel(R)) and the fixed-combination vaccine containing DTaP, hepatitis B (HepB), poliovirus, and Hib antigens (DTaP-IPV/Hib/HepB; Vaxelis(R)) are also administered by IM injection. Consult the prescribing information for these fixed-combination vaccines for additional information.

Monovalent Hib vaccine and combination vaccines containing Hib and other antigens should not be given IV, subcutaneously, or intradermally.

Depending on patient age, IM injections should be made into the anterolateral muscles of the thigh or deltoid muscle of the arm.

In infants younger than 12 months of age, IM injections should preferably be made into the anterolateral thigh; in certain circumstances (e.g., physical obstruction at other sites and no reasonable indication to defer the vaccine dose), IM injections can be made into the gluteal muscle using care to identify anatomical landmarks prior to injection.

In infants and children 1 through 2 years of age, the anterolateral thigh is preferred; alternatively, IM injections can be made into the deltoid muscle if muscle mass is adequate.

In adults, adolescents, and children 3 years of age or older, IM injections should preferably be made into the deltoid muscle; IM injections also can be made into the anterolateral thigh.

To ensure delivery into muscle, IM injections should be made at a 90degrees angle to the skin using a needle length appropriate for the individual's age and body mass, the thickness of adipose tissue and muscle at the injection site, the volume to be injected, and the injection technique.

Some manufacturers state that Hib vaccine should not be injected into the gluteal area or any area where there may be a major nerve trunk.

Hib vaccine may be given concurrently with other age-appropriate vaccines. Use of fixed-combination vaccines can reduce the number of injections a patient receives and alleviate concerns about the number of injections. When multiple vaccines are administered during a single health-care visit, each parenteral vaccine should be given using separate syringes and different injection sites. The injection sites should be separated by at least 1 inch (if anatomically feasible) to allow appropriate attribution of any local adverse effects that may occur. For infants and younger children receiving >2 vaccines in a single limb, the thigh is the preferred site due to greater mass. For older children and adults, more than one IM injection can be administered into the deltoid muscle.

PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB(R))

PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB(R)) is administered undiluted.

Single-dose vials of PRP-OMP should be shaken well prior to withdrawing the dose. Thorough agitation is necessary to maintain a suspension; the vaccine should appear as a slightly opaque white suspension.

PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB(R)) should be refrigerated at 2-8degreesC and should not be frozen.

PRP-T (ActHIB(R))

Single-dose vials of lyophilized PRP-T (ActHIB(R)) should be reconstituted by adding 0.6 mL of the 0.4% sodium chloride diluent supplied by the manufacturer. The vial should be agitated thoroughly to ensure complete reconstitution; the reconstituted vaccine should appear clear and colorless. The manufacturer's labeling should be consulted for additional information regarding reconstitution of ActHIB(R).

PRP-T should be administered promptly after reconstitution or may be stored at 2-8degreesC and administered within 24 hours after reconstitution. The reconstituted vaccine should be shaken well prior to use.

PRP-T should not be mixed with any other vaccine or solution.

Lyophilized PRP-T (ActHIB(R)) and the 0.4% sodium chloride diluent provided by the manufacturer should be refrigerated at 2-8degreesC and should not be frozen. The vaccine contains no preservatives.

PRP-T (Hiberix(R))

PRP-T (Hiberix(R)) is supplied in 2 presentations: a vial and vial presentation and a vial and prefilled syringe presentation. For both presentations, the lyophilized antigen component should be reconstituted only with the accompanying saline diluent. The reconstituted vaccine should be a clear and colorless solution. The manufacturer's labeling should be consulted for additional information regarding reconstitution of Hiberix(R).

PRP-T should be administered promptly after reconstitution.

Lyophilized PRP-T (Hiberix(R)) should be stored at 2-8degreesC and protected from light. The 0.9% sodium chloride diluent supplied by the manufacturer should be stored at 2-8degreesC or at room temperature between 2 and 25degreesC. The diluent should not be frozen and should be discarded if freezing occurs.

Poliovirus vaccine inactivated (IPV; IPOL(R)) is administered by IM or subcutaneous injection. IPV should not be administered IV.

Fixed-combination vaccines containing IPV and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis antigens (DTaP-IPV; Kinrix(R), Quadracel(R)), the fixed-combination vaccine containing IPV and diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and hepatitis B antigens (DTaP-HepB-IPV; Pediarix(R)), the fixed-combination vaccine containing IPV and diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) antigens (DTaP-IPV/Hib; Pentacel(R)), and the fixed-combination vaccine containing IPV and diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B (HepB) antigens, and Hib antigens (DTaP-HepB-IPV/Hib; Vaxelis(R)) are also commercially available for use when such vaccines are indicated; consult the prescribing information for these fixed-combination vaccines for additional details.

When multiple vaccines are administered during a single health-care visit, each vaccine should be given with a different syringe and at a different injection site. Injection sites should be separated by at least 1 inch (if anatomically feasible) to allow appropriate attribution of any local adverse effects that may occur.

IPV is administered in 0.5-mL doses. Each 0.5-mL dose of IPV commercially available for use in the US contains 40 D antigen units (DU) of poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney strain), 8 DU of poliovirus type 2 (MEF-1 strain), and 32 DU of poliovirus type 3 (Saukett strain).

Prior to administration, IPV should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration. The vaccine should be shaken well immediately prior to administration and should appear as a clear and colorless suspension.

IPV should not be mixed with any other vaccine or solution.

IPV should be refrigerated at 2-8degreesC, protected from light, and should not be frozen.

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Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Efalizumab

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Efalizumab-induced immunosuppression may prevent proper immune response to the vaccine.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: The use of vaccines in patients who have recently received efalizumab may be ineffective.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Patients should receive all appropriate immunizations prior to beginning efalizumab therapy. The use of vaccines in patients who have recently received efalizumab may be ineffective.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: In a small study with intravenous efalizumab, a single dose of 0.3 mg/kg of efalizumab given before primary immunization with a neoantigen decreased the secondary immune response, and a dose of 1 mg/kg almost completely ablated it. (This dose has comparable pharmacodynamic effects to the recommended subcutaneous dose of 1 mg/kg.) In chimpanzees treated with greater than 10 times the normal clinical exposure level of efalizumab, antibody responses were decreased following immunization with tetanus toxoid compared with untreated control animals.(1)

Non-Live, Non-Replicating Vaccine/Rebisufligene Etisparvovec

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Rebisufligene etisparvovec therapy may decrease the effectiveness of vaccines. The mechanism is not known.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: The expected serum antibody response may not be obtained.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of rebisufligene etisparvovec states that vaccines should be avoided 30 days prior to rebisufligene etisparvovec administration.(1)

DISCUSSION: Rebisufligene etisparvovec therapy may decrease the effectiveness of vaccines.(1)

Vaccines/Pariglasgene Brecaparvovec

SEVERITY LEVEL: 1-Contraindicated Drug Combination: This drug combination is contraindicated and generally should not be dispensed or administered to the same patient.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Pariglasgene brecaparvovec therapy may decrease the effectiveness of vaccines. The mechanism is not known.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: The expected serum antibody response may not be obtained.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The US manufacturer of pariglasgene brecaparvovec states that vaccines should be avoided for 1 month prior to pariglasgene brecaparvovec administration.(1)

DISCUSSION: Pariglasgene brecaparvovec therapy may decrease the effectiveness of vaccines.(1)

Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Teplizumab

SEVERITY LEVEL: 2-Severe Interaction: Action is required to reduce the risk of severe adverse interaction.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Teplizumab may cause lymphopenia and alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a non-live vaccine within the 2 weeks prior to, during, or for 6 weeks following teplizumab therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines prior to initiating teplizumab therapy. The manufacturer of teplizumab states that non-live vaccines (e.g., inactivated or mRNA vaccines) are not recommended within the 2 weeks prior to, during, or for 6 weeks after stopping teplizumab therapy.(1) The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients who receive teplizumab within these time frames. The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2) For COVID-19 vaccines, the CDC advises planning for vaccination at least 2 weeks before starting or resuming immunosuppressive therapy. Patients should be offered and given a COVID-19 vaccine even if the use and timing of immunosuppressive agents cannot be adjusted. The CDC states that an age-appropriate mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is preferred over the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine for the primary and booster doses for immunocompromised patients. All immunocompromised patients over 5 years of age should receive at least 1 booster dose if eligible. See the CDC's Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines for age- and product-specific recommendations.(3)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered within 2 weeks before, during, and for 6 weeks following teplizumab therapy.(1)

Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

Non-Live Or Non-Rep Vaccines/Systemic Corticosteroids; Acth

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Corticosteroids and corticotropin suppress the immune system and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Vaccines administered during or within 2 weeks prior to therapy with corticosteroids or corticotropin may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: Patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids or corticotropin for equal to or greater than 14 consecutive days.(1)

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed, including those who are receiving or have received high-dose, systemic steroids for greater than or equal to 14 consecutive days. When initiating immunosuppressives doses of corticosteroids, wait 2 weeks after a non-live vaccines is administered. However, if patients require therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions, do not delay therapy due to past vaccines.(1) The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving corticosteroids. Vaccinations given during corticosteroid therapy may need to be repeated.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(1)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations given during and within 2 weeks prior to corticosteroid therapy may be less effective. However they are considered safe to administer.(1) Many clinicians consider a dose equivalent to either 2 mg/kg of body weight or a total of 20 mg/day of prednisone as sufficiently immunosuppressive to raise safety concerns about live-virus vaccines.(1) Immunization procedures may be undertaken in patients receiving corticosteroids when the therapy is short term (less than 2 weeks); low to moderate dose; long-term, alternate-day treatment with short-acting preparations; maintenance physiologic doses (replacement therapy); or administered topically (skin or eyes), by aerosol, or by intra-articular, bursal, or tendon injection.(1)

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Etrasimod

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Etrasimod is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a vaccine during and for up to 5 weeks after discontinuation of etrasimod therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. Etrasimod treatment should be paused 5 weeks prior and for 4 weeks after vaccination.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines prior to initiating etrasimod therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving etrasimod or who have received etrasimod in the previous 5 weeks. Vaccinations given during and for up to 5 weeks after discontinuation of etrasimod therapy may need to be repeated.(1) The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered during and for up to 5 weeks after etrasimod treatment.(1) However they are considered safe to administer.

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Fingolimod

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Fingolimod is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a vaccine during and for 2 months following fingolimod therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine.(1,2)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines prior to initiating fingolimod therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving fingolimod or who have received fingolimod in the previous two months. Vaccinations given during and for 2 months after stopping fingolimod therapy may need to be repeated.(1,2) The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(3)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective during and for 2 months following fingolimod therapy(1) however they are considered safe to administer.(2)

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Ocrelizumab

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ocrelizumab is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a non-live vaccine within 2 weeks before or during ocrelizumab therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. If possible, non-live vaccines should be administered at least two weeks prior to initiating ocrelizumab therapy.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer non-live vaccines at least two weeks prior to initiating ocrelizumab therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving ocrelizumab. Vaccinations given during ocrelizumab therapy may need to be repeated.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered within 2 weeks before or during ocrelizumab treatment.(1)

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Ozanimod

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ozanimod is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a vaccine during and for up to 3 months after discontinuation of ozanimod therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. Ozanimod treatment should be paused 3 months prior and for 1 month after vaccination.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines prior to initiating ozanimod therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving ozanimod or who have received ozanimod in the previous 3 months. Vaccinations given during and for up to 3 months after discontinuation of ozanimod therapy may need to be repeated.(1) The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered during and for up to 3 months after ozanimod treatment.(1) However they are considered safe to administer.

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Ponesimod

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ponesimod is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a vaccine during and for up to 2 weeks after discontinuation of ponesimod therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. Ponesimod treatment should be paused 1-2 weeks prior and for 4 weeks after vaccination.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines prior to initiating ponesimod therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving ponesimod or who have received ponesimod in the previous 2 weeks. Vaccinations given during and for up to 2 weeks after discontinuation of ponesimod therapy may need to be repeated.(1) The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered during and for up to 2 weeks after ponesimod treatment.(1) However they are considered safe to administer.

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Satralizumab

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Satralizumab is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a vaccine during satralizumab therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. If possible, non-live vaccines should be administered at least two weeks prior to initiation of satralizumab.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines two weeks prior to initiating satralizumab therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving satralizumab. Vaccinations given during satralizumab therapy may need to be repeated.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered during satralizumab treatment.(1)

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Siponimod

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Siponimod is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(2)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a vaccine during and for up to 1 month after discontinuation of siponimod therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. Siponimod treatment should be paused 1 week prior and for 4 weeks after vaccination.(2)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer vaccines prior to initiating siponimod therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving siponimod or who have received siponimod in the previous week. Vaccinations given during and for up to 1 month after discontinuation of siponimod therapy may need to be repeated.(2) The Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) states that non-live vaccines should be used with caution in patients who are severely immunosuppressed. Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(3)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered during and for up to 1 month after siponimod treatment(2) however they are considered safe to administer.(1)

Non-Live Or Non-Replicating Vaccines/Ublituximab

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: Ublituximab is an immunosuppressant and may alter the immune system's response to vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Administration of a non-live vaccine within 2 weeks before or during ublituximab therapy may result in decreased effectiveness of the vaccine. If possible, non-live vaccines should be administered at least two weeks prior to initiating ublituximab therapy.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: Ideally, administer non-live vaccines at least two weeks prior to initiating ublituximab therapy. The immune response to non-live vaccines should be monitored in patients receiving ublituximab. Vaccinations given during ublituximab therapy may need to be repeated.(1) Patients who are vaccinated within the 14 days prior to initiating immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued when immune competence is restored.(2)

DISCUSSION: Vaccinations may be less effective if administered within 2 weeks before or during ublituximab treatment.(1)

Non-Live Or Nonreplicating Vaccine/Vusolimogene Oderparepvec

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: The interaction potential of non-live or non-replicating vaccines with vusolimogene oderparepvec is unknown.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: Concurrent administration of non-live or non-replicating vaccines with vusolimogene oderparepvec may alter the effectiveness or toxicities of either agent.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The manufacturer of vusolimogene oderparepvec states that non-live and non-replicating vaccines should ideally be delayed until the current course of vusolimogene oderparepvec therapy is completed. If vaccination is required during treatment, separate administration of the vaccine and vusolimogene oderparepvec by at least 14 days.(2) Patients should be advised that their cancer gene therapy may be delayed due to administration of vaccines.(3)

DISCUSSION: The concomitant use of non-live or non-replicating vaccines and vusolimogene oderparepvec has not been evaluated. The manufacturer's recommendation is intended to minimize potential interactions and confounding factors in the safety assessments of vaccines and vusolimogene oderparepvec therapy.(2)

Vaccines/Hepatitis B Vaccine (Fendrix)

SEVERITY LEVEL: 3-Moderate Interaction: Assess the risk to the patient and take action as needed.

MECHANISM OF ACTION: No data is available on the concurrent administration of the hepatitis B vaccine Fendrix and other vaccines.(1)

CLINICAL EFFECTS: It is unknown if concurrent administration of the hepatitis B vaccine Fendrix and other vaccines will affect the efficacy of either vaccine.(1)

PREDISPOSING FACTORS: None determined.

PATIENT MANAGEMENT: The Swedish manufacturer of Fendrix states that since there is no data available for the concurrent administration of Fendrix with other vaccines, the administration of Fendrix and other vaccines should be separated by 2 to 3 weeks.(1)

DISCUSSION: No data is available on the concurrent administration of the hepatitis B vaccine Fendrix with other vaccines.(1)

*Hypersensitivity to any ingredient in the vaccine, including yeast (Engerix-B(R), Recombivax HB(R), Heplisav-B(R)).

*History of previous hypersensitivity to any hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B(R), Recombivax HB(R), Heplisav-B(R)).

*History of hypersensitivity to any ingredient in the vaccine (e.g., yeast, neomycin, polymyxin B) (Pediarix(R)).

*History of hypersensitivity to a previous dose of the vaccine or any vaccine component (Vaxelis(R)).

*History of serious allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any diphtheria toxoid-, tetanus toxoid-, pertussis antigen-, hepatitis B-, or poliovirus-containing vaccine (Pediarix(R)).

*History of serious allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of any diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis antigen, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus, or H. influenzae type b-containing vaccine (Vaxelis(R)).

*Encephalopathy (e.g., coma, decreased consciousness, prolonged seizures) within 7 days of a previous dose of vaccine containing pertussis antigens that could not be attributed to another identifiable cause (Pediarix(R), Vaxelis(R)).

*Progressive neurologic disorder, including infantile spasms, uncontrolled epilepsy, or progressive encephalopathy; vaccine should not be administered to patients with these conditions until the neurological status has stabilized (Pediarix(R), Vaxelis(R)).

*Hypersensitivity to any ingredient in the vaccine, including yeast and neomycin (Twinrix(R)).

*Previous hypersensitivity reactions to any hepatitis A- or hepatitis B- containing vaccines (Twinrix(R)).

*Severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) after previous dose of DTaP, any vaccine component, or any vaccine containing tetanus, diphtheria, or pertussis antigens.

*Encephalopathy (e.g., coma, decreased level of consciousness, prolonged seizures) within 7 days of a previous dose of a vaccine containing pertussis antigens that is not attributable to another identifiable cause.

*Progressive neurologic disorder, including infantile spasms, uncontrolled epilepsy, or progressive encephalopathy (DTaP only).

*Haemophilus b (Hib) conjugate vaccine (meningococcal protein conjugate) (PRP-OMP; PedvaxHIB(R)): hypersensitivity to any vaccine component.

*Hib conjugate vaccine (tetanus toxoid conjugate) (PRP-T; ActHIB(R), Hiberix(R)): severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after dose of any Hib vaccine, dose of any vaccine containing tetanus toxoid, or any component in PRP-T.

*Hypersensitivity to any ingredient in the vaccine (including phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin B).

*Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock within 24 hours after a previous dose of IPV.

There are no contraindication contraindications for this drug.

• Coma
• Guillain-barre syndrome
• High fever >101 degrees fahrenheit
• Uncontrolled epilepsy

• Fever
• High fever >101 degrees fahrenheit
• Multiple sclerosis

In healthy infants and children (<=10 years of age), the most frequently reported systemic adverse reactions (>1% of the injections) with Recombivax HB(R) were irritability, fever, diarrhea, fatigue/weakness, diminished appetite, and rhinitis. In healthy adults, injection site reactions were reported following 17% of the injections and systemic adverse reactions were reported following 15% of the injections.

The most common solicited adverse reactions with Engerix-B(R) were injection-site soreness (22%) and fatigue (14%).

The most common solicited adverse reactions following any dose (>=25%) of Pediarix(R) included local injection site reactions (pain, redness, and swelling), fever (>=38.0degreesC), drowsiness, irritability/fussiness, and loss of appetite.

The most common (>=10%) solicited injection site reactions following any dose of Twinrix(R) included soreness (35-41%) and erythema (8-11%), and the most common solicited systemic adverse reactions were headache (13-22%) and fatigue (11-14%).

The most common local reaction with Heplisav-B(R) was injection site pain (9-39%), and the most common systemic reactions were fatigue (10-17%) and headache (5-17%).

The most common solicited adverse reactions following any dose of Vaxelis(R) were irritability (>=55%), crying (>=45%), injection site pain (>=44%), somnolence (>=40%), injection site erythema (>=25%), decreased appetite (>=23%), fever >=38.0degreesC (>=19%), injection site swelling (>=18%), and vomiting (>=9%).

Rates of adverse effects following DTaP (Daptacel(R), Infanrix(R)) administration varied by dose number, with injection site reactions (pain, redness, swelling) the most frequent following doses 4 and 5. Common systemic adverse effects with DTaP vaccination include fever, drowsiness, fussiness/irritability, inconsolable crying, loss of appetite, and lethargy.

Following the first booster dose of Tdap (Adacel(R)), the most common adverse effects within the first 2 weeks of vaccination for adolescents were injection site pain (77.8%), headache (43.7%), body aches or muscle weakness (30.4%), tiredness (30.2%), injection site swelling (20.9%), and injection site redness (20.8%). In adults 18-64 years of age, the most common adverse effects within the first 2 weeks were injection site pain (65.7%), headache (33.9%), body aches or muscle weakness (21.9%), tiredness (24.3%), injection site swelling (21%), and injection site redness (24.7%). Within the first week after a second booster dose of Tdap (Adacel(R)), the most common adverse effects in patients 18-64 years of age were injection site pain (87.1%), myalgia (58.1%), headache (41.4%), malaise (33.3%), injection site swelling (6.9%), and injection site erythema (6.4%).

Adverse effects reported in >=15% of adolescents and adults 10-64 years of age following administration of Tdap (Boostrix(R)) were injection site reactions (pain, redness, swelling), headache, fatigue, and GI symptoms. Increased arm circumference was also reported in adolescent patients. In adults >=65 years of age, the most common adverse effect was pain at the injection site.

Adverse effects reported in more than 1% of pediatric patients receiving PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB(R)) vaccine in clinical studies were irritability, sleepiness, injection site pain/soreness, injection site erythema, injection site swelling/induration, unusual high-pitched crying, prolonged crying (>4 hours), diarrhea, vomiting, crying, pain, otitis media, rash, and upper respiratory infection.

The most common adverse effects following a single dose of PRP-T (ActHIB(R)) vaccine in pediatric patients 2-16 months of age were fussiness/irritability (75%), inconsolable crying (58%), and decreased activity/lethargy (51%). In pediatric patients 15-20 months of age, tenderness (20%) was the most common local reaction following administration of ActHIB(R).

Adverse effects reported in at least 20% of pediatric patients receiving PRP-T (Hiberix(R)) vaccine include pain and redness at the injection site, irritability, drowsiness, fever, loss of appetite, fussiness, and restlessness.

Common local adverse effects reported in infants receiving IPV include swelling and tenderness.

Common systemic adverse effects reported in infants receiving DTaP and IPV concurrently (to different sites) include irritability, tiredness, and, less commonly, fever, anorexia, vomiting, or persistent crying.

Less Frequent

• Irregular sleep-wake rhythm

Rare or Very Rare

• Anaphylaxis
• Angioedema
• Angioedema
• Cellulitis
• Cyanosis
• Encephalopathy
• Erythema
• Extensive limb swelling after injection
• Hypersensitivity drug reaction
• Hypotonia
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Intussusception of intestine
• Jaundice
• Seizure disorder
• Syncope
• Syncope
• Thrombocytopenic disorder
• Tonic clonic seizure

More Frequent

• Anorexia
• Drowsy
• Fever
• Fever
• Injection site sequelae
• Injection site sequelae
• Irritability
• Irritability
• Lethargy

Less Frequent

• Anorexia
• Diarrhea
• Induration of skin
• Nervousness
• Skin swelling

Rare or Very Rare

• Abdominal pain with cramps
• Alopecia
• Arthralgia
• Diarrhea
• Drowsy
• Earache
• Edema
• Erythema
• Erythema multiforme
• General weakness
• Headache disorder
• Lethargy
• Lymphadenopathy
• Malaise
• Nausea
• Pallor
• Peripheral edema
• Petechiae
• Pruritus of skin
• Pruritus of skin
• Skin rash
• Skin rash
• Upper respiratory infection
• Urticaria
• Urticaria
• Vomiting
• Vomiting

No enhanced messaging available.

Recombivax HB(R) is approved for use in pediatric patients of any age. In neonates, passively acquired maternal anti-HBs antibodies do not appear to interfere with the active immune response to hepatitis B vaccine. Safety and efficacy of Recombivax(R) HB Dialysis Formulation have not been established in children.

Engerix-B(R) is approved for use in pediatric patients of any age. In neonates, passively acquired maternal anti-HBs antibodies do not appear to interfere with the active immune response to hepatitis B vaccine. The timing of the first dose in infants weighing <2000 g at birth depends on the HBsAg status of the mother.

Safety and efficacy of Heplisav-B(R) have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age.

Safety and efficacy of Pediarix(R) have not been established in infants younger than 6 weeks of age or in children 7 years of age or older.

Safety and efficacy of Twinrix(R) have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 18 years of age.

Safety and efficacy of Vaxelis(R) have not been established in infants younger than 6 weeks of age or in children 5 years of age or older.

Safety and efficacy of DTaP (Daptacel(R), Infanrix(R)) in children younger than 6 weeks of age or in children 7 years of age or older have not been established.

Safety and efficacy of Tdap (Adacel(R), Boostrix(R)) in children <10 years of age have not been established.

PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB(R)): Safety and efficacy have not been established in infants younger than 6 weeks of age or in children 6 years of age or older. The manufacturer states that administration of PRP-OMP before 6 weeks of age may result in immunologic tolerance to the vaccine (i.e., impaired ability to respond to subsequent exposure to PRP antigen).

PRP-T (ActHIB(R)): Safety and efficacy have not been established in infants younger than 6 weeks of age or in children and adolescents 6 years of age or older.

PRP-T (Hiberix(R)): Safety and efficacy have not been established in infants younger than 6 weeks of age or in children and adolescents 5-16 years of age.

ACIP and AAP state that immunization against Hib infection using an age-appropriate vaccine can be initiated as early as 6 weeks of age. Hib vaccines should not be administered to infants younger than 6 weeks of age.

Apnea has been reported following IM administration of vaccines in some infants born prematurely. Decisions regarding when to administer an IM vaccine in infants born prematurely should be based on consideration of the individual infant's medical status and potential benefits and possible risks of vaccination.

Safety and efficacy of IPV in children <6 weeks of age have not been established. Although 4 doses are recommended for a complete series, in US infants, administration of 2 doses of IPV at 2 and 4 months of age resulted in seroconversion in 95-100% to all 3 types of poliovirus.

Engerix-B(R) or Recombivax HB(R): Animal reproduction studies have not been performed with the vaccine. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of the vaccine in pregnant women in the U.S. Available data do not suggest an increased risk of major birth defects or miscarriage in women who received the vaccine during pregnancy.

Twinrix(R): An animal development study in female rats found no adverse effects on fetal or pre-weaning development when the vaccine was administered prior to mating and during gestation. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of the vaccine in pregnant women in the U.S. Available data do not suggest an increased risk of major birth defects or miscarriage in women who received the vaccine within 28 days prior to conception or during pregnancy.

Heplisav-B(R): An animal development toxicity study in female rats found no evidence of fetal harm due to a vaccine formulation containing 2.5 mcg HBsAg and 3000 mcg cytidine phospho-guanosine (CpG) 1018 adjuvant administered prior to mating and during gestation; a full human dose of Heplisav-B(R) contains 20 mcg HBsAg and 3000 mcg CpG 1018 adjuvant. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of the vaccine in pregnant women. Available data, primarily in individuals who received one dose of the vaccine in the 28 days prior to or during pregnancy, do not suggest an increased risk of major birth defects and miscarriage.

Vaxelis(R) and Pediarix(R) are not indicated for use in women of childbearing age.

ACIP states that pregnant women who require hepatitis B vaccination may receive any of the available single-antigen hepatitis B vaccines or Twinrix(R) (if vaccination against both hepatitis A and hepatitis B is desired).

Tdap (Adacel(R), Boostrix(R)) is indicated for immunization during the third trimester of each pregnancy to prevent pertussis in infants <2 months of age.

Available data indicate that rates of major birth defects and miscarriage are similar in women who received Adacel(R) or Boostrix(R) 28-30 days prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy compared to background estimated rates.

A retrospective passive surveillance study compared outcomes between 225 women who received Adacel(R) during pregnancy and 675 controls matched by age and date of their first positive pregnancy test. Of the Adacel(R) recipients, 110 were vaccinated in the first trimester, 33 during the second trimester, and 14 in the third trimester. Twenty-nine had an unknown time of vaccination, and 39 had received Adacel(R) within 2 weeks prior to their last menstrual period. Spontaneous abortions were reported in 15% of patients in the control group and 9.3% of Adacel(R) recipients. The incidence of congenital anomalies was 8.4% in the control group and 6.7% in the group exposed to Adacel(R).

An assessment of 1236 prospective reports from an ongoing registry of exposure to Adacel(R) indicate that rates of assessed outcomes (e.g., congenital anomalies, spontaneous abortions) in the prospective population were consistent with estimated background rates.

Among 256 reports with known pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Boostrix(R) within 28 days prior to conception or during pregnancy, 19 women with first trimester exposure to Boostrix(R) had no reported major birth defects and 3 spontaneous abortions. Twenty-eight women exposed in the second trimester and 199 in the third trimester also reported no major birth defects; an additional 10 women that were exposed to Boostrix(R) at an unknown timing during pregnancy reported no major birth defects.

Other spontaneous reports and postmarketing data have shown that out of 138 reports with known pregnancy outcomes, there were no major birth defects and 2 spontaneous abortions among 17 women exposed to Boostrix(R) in the first trimester. Out of 26 exposures in the second trimester and 92 in the third trimester there were no major birth defects reported; 3 women exposed to Boostrix(R) at an unknown timing during pregnancy also had no major birth defects reported.

Irrespective of vaccine history, ACIP and ACOG recommend administering a single dose of Tdap (Adacel(R) or Boostrix(R)) in all pregnant women during each pregnancy as early as possible between 27 and 36 weeks gestation. Immunization with Tdap during the third trimester of pregnancy provides passive protection against pertussis via transplacental antibody transfer in infants <2 months of age.

Clinicians are encouraged to register pregnant women who receive Tdap with the manufacturer's pregnancy registry at 800-822-2463 or https://www.sanofipasteurpregnancyregistry.com (Adacel(R)) or 888-452-9622 or https://pregnancyregistry.gsk.com/boostrix.html (Boostrix(R)).

Hib vaccines are not labeled by FDA for use in adolescents or adults, as Hib disease is uncommon in this age group.

Animal reproduction studies have not been performed with Hib vaccines. It is not known whether the vaccines can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women or whether they can affect fertility.

According to ACIP, there is no evidence of risk to the fetus when inactivated vaccines are administered during pregnancy.

Animal reproduction studies have not been performed to date with IPV. It is not known if the vaccine can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant women. IPV should be administered during pregnancy only when clearly needed. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), if a pregnant patient is at increased risk for exposure to polio and requires immediate protection, IPV can be administered according to the recommended adult schedule.

Engerix-B(R), Recombivax HB(R), Twinrix(R), and Heplisav-B(R): It is not known whether the vaccine is distributed into human milk, or affects the breast-fed child or milk production. The manufacturers state that the benefits of breast-feeding and the importance of the vaccine to the mother should be considered along with the potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from the vaccine or from the underlying maternal condition (i.e., susceptibility to meningococcal infection).

Although specific data are not available, ACIP states that breast-feeding is not a contraindication to administration of hepatitis B vaccine and lactating women should receive the vaccine as recommended for other adults.

It is not known whether Tdap (Adacel(R), Boostrix(R)) is distributed into human milk and data on the effect on breast-fed infants or on milk production are not available. The manufacturers state that Tdap should be used with caution in breast-feeding women.

Hib vaccines are not labeled by FDA for use in adolescents or adults, as Hib disease is uncommon in this age group.

It is not known whether antigens contained in Hib vaccines are distributed into human milk, affect milk production, or affect the breast-fed infant.

ACIP states that administration of an inactivated vaccine to a woman who is breast-feeding does not pose any safety concerns for the woman or the breast-fed infant.

It is not known whether antigens contained in IPV are distributed into human milk. The manufacturer states that IPV should be used with caution in breast-feeding women.

The manufacturers of Engerix-B(R), Recombivax HB(R), Twinrix(R), and Heplisav-B(R) make no specific dosage recommendations for geriatric patients. The hepatitis B vaccine may be less immunogenic in geriatric individuals than in younger adults.

Vaxelis(R) and Pediarix(R) are not indicated for use in adults, including geriatric adults.

Manufacturers do not provide specific dosage recommendations for geriatric patients.

Manufacturers make no specific dosage recommendations for geriatric patients.

The manufacturer makes no specific dosage recommendations for geriatric patients.

Clinical studies of Engerix-B(R) and Recombivax HB(R) did not include sufficient numbers of individuals 65 years of age or older to determine whether these individuals respond differently than younger individuals. However, later studies have found that a diminished antibody response may occur in geriatric individuals >60 years of age.

In clinical studies of Heplisav-B(R), 90% of adults 65-70 years of age achieved seroprotective antibody levels to HBsAg, compared with 96% of adults 18-64 years of age. The safety and efficacy of Heplisav-B(R) in adults over 70 years of age were extrapolated from data obtained in participants younger than 70 years of age.

Clinical studies of Twinrix(R) did not include sufficient numbers of individuals 65 years of age or older to determine whether geriatric individuals respond differently than younger adults.

Vaxelis(R) and Pediarix(R) are not indicated for use in adults, including geriatric adults.

Clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of Tdap (Boostrix(R)) included adults >=65 years of age, and this preparation is labeled by FDA for booster immunization in geriatric adults.

Safety and efficacy of Tdap (Adacel(R)) have not been established in adults >=65 years of age. Although Tdap (Adacel(R)) is not labeled by FDA for use in adults >=65 years of age, ACIP states the vaccine can be used in this age group if it is the only Tdap vaccine available.

Safety and efficacy of Hib vaccines have not been established in adults, including geriatric adults, and these vaccines are not usually used in this age group.