Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the renal system, recognized as a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease worldwide Pathophysiologically, chronic hyperglycemia and altered glomerular hemodynamics trigger mesangial expansion, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, nodular glomerulosclerosis, and podocyte loss

Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the renal system, recognized as a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease worldwide Clinically, it typically manifests with glomerular hyperfiltration in its earliest stages, progressing to persistent albuminuria, worsening hypertension, and a gradual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate

Pathophysiologically, chronic hyperglycemia and altered glomerular hemodynamics trigger mesangial expansion, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, nodular glomerulosclerosis, and podocyte loss

Clinically, it typically manifests with glomerular hyperfiltration in its earliest stages, progressing to persistent albuminuria, worsening hypertension, and a gradual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate