Intractable hiccups

Intractable hiccups, or chronic singultus, refer to prolonged, involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles followed by sudden glottic closure that persist continuously or recurrently for more than one month This condition involves neuromuscular dysfunction along a complex reflex arc encompassing afferent pathways via the vagus and phrenic nerves, sympathetic chains, central processing centers in the brainstem, and efferent motor outputs to the respiratory muscula...

Intractable hiccups, or chronic singultus, refer to prolonged, involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles followed by sudden glottic closure that persist continuously or recurrently for more than one month Intractable hiccups most frequently affect adults, with a pronounced male predominance, and often stem from serious underlying structural, metabolic, central nervous system, or gastrointestinal pathologies Unlike benign, self-limited episodes, this intractable...

This condition involves neuromuscular dysfunction along a complex reflex arc encompassing afferent pathways via the vagus and phrenic nerves, sympathetic chains, central processing centers in the brainstem, and efferent motor outputs to the respiratory musculature

Unlike benign, self-limited episodes, this intractable state can result in severe clinical complications, including exhaustion, insomnia, malnutrition, dehydration, and significant deterioration of quality of life